When he arrived in the city of Recife, Brazil, in 1952 to shoot O canto do mar, filmmaker Alberto Cavalcanti had already accomplished several feats in his brief, troubled, and memorable stint in the Brazilian film industry. After decades of work in Europe, yielding an output that earned him the international reputation as the most renowned Brazilian filmmaker at the time, Cavalcanti returned to his native country in September 1949 to lecture at the Cinema Seminar promoted by the São Paulo Museum of Modern Art (MASP).1 Shortly thereafter, he was hired to work as general producer at the newly founded Vera Cruz Motion Picture Company, created by a group of Italian businessmen and funded by industrialist Francisco “Ciccillo” Matarazzo Sobrinho and engineer Franco Zampari, a top-ranking employee at Matarazzo Industries, who assumed the role of CEO in the new company.
Cavalcanti would become involved with the production of the first run of Vera Cruz films: the features Caiçara (Celi, 1950), Terra é sempre terra (Payne, 1951), and Ângela (de Almeida & Payne, 1951); and the documentary shorts Painel (1950) and Santuário (1951), directed by Lima Barreto. Prior to his work in these productions, he devoted himself to hiring technicians from Europe and managing the purchase of equipment and the construction of sets – albeit not always in consonance with Zampari. The disagreements between the two resulted in Cavalcanti's departure in early 1951 during the filming of Angela, just over a year after he was hired.
Still in the first half of 1951, after an invitation from President Getúlio Vargas, he took part in the project for the INC (Instituto Nacional de Cinema), which never came to fruition. The following year he directed his first film in Brazil, the comedy Simão, o caolho — produced by Cinematográfica Maristela and starring the brilliant comedian Mesquitinha — he acted as producer for the documentary short Volta Redonda (Waterhouse, 1952); and published the book Filme e Realidade, which compiled the aforementioned lectures at MASP. In 1952, Cavalcanti served as one of the founding members of Kino Filmes, which despite its short-lived existence resulted in the production of two feature films under his direction in Brazil: O canto do mar (1953) and Mulher de Verdade (1954), which would only debut in 1955, after Cavalcanti had returned to Europe in May of 1954.
Following his arrival in Brazil, Cavalcanti attracted immense interest from the national press as much as the film industry. Newspapers never failed to publicize his actions and provide ample opportunities for both defenders and detractors to express their diverse, yet always passionate opinions about the world-famous Brazilian filmmaker. Things were no different in Recife. Cavalcanti's presence in the city stirred up the cultural milieu and provided fuel for the local film critic scene, especially active at the time with several collaborators writing about cinema in the city’s five daily newspapers. Cavalcanti’s arrival in Recife was met with great expectation concerning the production of a feature film in the city and what this event could represent ten years after the musical Coelho sai (1942), the first sound feature produced in the state of Pernambuco. As the first news emerged about the release of O canto do mar, newspapers published numerous press releases and news stories as well as an impressive number of criticisms, controversies, qualms, defenses, and accusations surrounding the film and its director.2
Cavalcanti’s ties with the Northeast can be traced along his family roots. His father was originally from the state of Alagoas and his mother, Anna Olinda do Rego Rangel Cavalcanti, belonged to a traditional family in the state of Pernambuco. O canto do mar, an adaptation of En rade – a French film directed by Cavalcanti in 1927 – to Brazil’s northeastern coast was a personal project of the filmmaker and listed among Vera Cruz’s future productions in documents dating back to 1950. Cavalcanti once again mentioned the project the following year during his visit to Recife, where he declared his plans to film O cântico do mar [sic] and Menino de engenho, an adaptation of José Lins do Rego’s regionalist novel. The production, however, would only come to fruition in 1952 through Kino Filmes. In August, while in Recife, Cavalcanti harnessed his prestige and experience as a producer to successfully establish an official institutional support network – starting with the State Government – which enabled him to organize the film’s production, including accommodations for the crew, an airplane for filming in the arid hinterlands of the sertão, and support from the Documentation and Culture Department for systematizing the several forms of local cultural artifacts and expressions that appear throughout the film.
The filming process began in October, after the arrival of technicians and equipment from São Paulo, but it was not until December that they were able to shoot with the cast, comprised entirely of local artists, most of whom with prior experience only in theater and radio. By June 1953, filming was concluded after a series of hindrances caused by, among other reasons, the lack of negatives and delays in the arrival of sound recording equipment. The film premiered on October 3, 1953 at a midnight screening hosted by the luxurious Cine São Luiz, inaugurated in the previous year.
Ten years later, in a chapter dedicated to “Cavalcanti and Vera Cruz” in the book Revisão crítica do cinema brasileiro, Glauber Rocha described O canto do mar as an “inconsistent, wavering film, yet nonetheless marked by a vision that defined Cavalcanti's stance towards Brazil”.3 We find it hard to disagree with Glauber. Nevertheless, in addition to inconsistencies and other limitations raised by Glauber in the chapter (“an overtly academic dramatization”, mesmerized by the exotic), one also finds in O canto domar conspicuous similarities with Brazilian films produced in the following years, including Glauber's own Barravento (1962). Furthermore, the film also reveals several overlaps with Cavalcanti’s previous production and European cinema in general.
Inspired by the plot of En rade, which is set in the port of Marseille, O canto do mar promptly reminds us of Cavalcanti's French period (roughly 1915-1933), a formative and investigative period for the filmmaker, who worked first as a set designer before his time directing. His gaze upon the urban everyday life and the city’s most vulnerable residents is prominent in what has remained Cavalcanti’s best-known French film, Rien que les heures (1926), often placed within the lineage of cinematic urban symphonies. This film explores an interweaving between fiction and documentary which is also present in O canto do mar.
In fact, one of the most common criticisms directed at O canto do mar objects to the poor synergy between the film’s fictional scenes and its conspicuous documentary moments, connected through a vague and not always harmonious concept. The film begins with a documentary prologue, in which an offscreen narrator presents the misery of the arid hinterland, without rain and lacking humane living conditions. We then see sertanejos4 abandoning their homes and travelling on a flatbed truck to Recife, where they set sail to the south in the hopes of finding work. Upon arriving in Recife, the driver stops the truck on the oceanfront and runs off for a swim, while the peasants marvel at the sea. From that moment the film turns to its narrative, focused on the quotidian drama of a family that lives in one of the beachside huts: the protagonist Raimundo (Rui Saraiva); his mother Maria (Margarida Cardoso), who works as a laundress; his sister Ponina (Cacilda Lanuza) and younger brother. The migrant peasants and the narrator's voiceover will reemerge later, when the former board the ship ready to sail south. In addition to the truck driver, who remains a character in the story, the prologue relates to the plot through the theme of displacement, driven by poverty and lack of prospects. Traveling south and starting a new life is the dream of Raimundo, who plans to run away with his girlfriend Aurora (Aurora Duarte).
Handling verité moments with great skill and beauty, Cavalcanti films some of the region’s signature popular cultural expressions: frevo, a dance and musical style characteristic of the carnaval in Recife; the bumba-meu-boi, a theatrical dance celebration that acts out the death and resurrection of an ox; the Xangô de Pernambuco, an Afro-Brazilian religious cult specific to that state. Cavalcanti's talent and expertise in documentary filmmaking truly shine in these moments, revealing why he became one of the leading figures of the British documentary movement in the 1930s. Hired by John Grierson to join the GPO Film Unit, a branch of the UK General Post Office where he remained between 1934 and 1939, Cavalcanti worked on dozens of these productions as a sound technician, screenwriter, editor, director, and producer.
O canto do mar bears witness to extraordinary local songs and chants, the preoccupation with the recording and documentation of which can be seen as begun with Cavalcanti’s work for the GPO. During the xangô scene, when Raimundo takes his deranged father to cure himself with a pai-de-santo, the fictional action is interspersed with the beat of drums and images of rituals in which worshippers dance and enter a trance. The images and sounds throughout this sequence, wholly unusual in commercial Brazilian cinema at the time, may be seen as vigorous precursors of what Cinema Novo would accomplish years later, among which in Glauber Rocha’s debut feature, Barravento (1962), where the universe of Candomblé in Bahia is intrinsic to the film’s narrative.

With images of the arid hinterlands of the sertão, the prologue calls to mind another Cinema Novo production, Vidas secas (1963), albeit through differences and ruptures. Cavalcanti incorporates a series of procedures in his rendition of the sertão which Nelson Pereira dos Santos would categorically reject, such as the use of filters and light reflectors to tame the harsh sunlight, the use of extradiegetic music and the expository and solemn narration.

The frevo sequence in O canto do mar is particularly exhilarating. Shot outdoors among coconut trees on the beach, the scene shows a group of people dancing to the sound of a small brass orchestra. With an impeccable rhythm, the montage alternates general shots of the crowd and orchestra with close-up images of the dancers’ feet and parasols, a typical frevo adornment. Despite being professional dancers, the performers wear everyday clothes and many of them are barefoot, while holding parasols of varying sizes and patterns. At that time, frevo was commonly used in chanchada musical numbers, albeit filmed in a studio setting with a more stylized treatment. While Cavalcanti’s images are also markedly stylized, the visual style of the dancers and the conception of the frevo scene in O canto do mar is fresher, heavily reminiscent of Pierre Verger’s photographs from 1947 capturing the street carnaval celebrations in Recife.

Cavalcanti’s documentary work in O canto do mar relates to other productions of the period, equally driven by the desire to embrace the richness of popular cultural manifestations, among which is the documentary Bumba-meu-boi: o Bicho Misterioso dos Afogados (1953), filmed in Recife by the Frenchman Romain Lesage and produced by the Joaquim Nabuco Institute. We may also draw a connection with the work of the Folklore Research Mission, founded by writer Mário de Andrade (of Macunaíma fame) during his travels among Brazil’s North and Northeast in 1938, which resulted in over 30 hours of recorded music, more than 600 photographs, and 15 films.5 O canto do mar, however, being a commercial fiction feature film and screened in movie theaters, allowed for a much broader circulation of these precious visual and sound recordings of popular cultural expressions in Pernambuco. Today, these filmic records comprise an undeniable historical document.
In addition to the documentary dimension, popular culture also acquires phantasmagoric contouring in O canto do mar. During Raimundo’s nightmare, which precedes the film’s ending, Cavalcanti infuses the images and sound of the maracatu with a dreamlike tone. The documentary vein continues in the exuberant maracatu parade, during which we see the imposing figure of Dona Santa, to this day the most widely known queen of maracatu, as well as other emblematic figures and characters of Pernambuco culture and carnaval, such as the spearmen of the maracatu de baque solto and the caboclinhos. These traditional elements, however, assume a spectral nature as the beat of the drums is incorporated into the trance-like atmosphere, during which the protagonist’s subjectivity merges with collective rituals; Dona Santa transforms into Maria, Raimundo’s mother, and Aurora participates in the maracatu procession.6
These documentary imprints traverse the entire film, constantly attentive to the sounds and images of human and geographic landscapes: the anonymous faces of fishermen and prostitutes, the geometry of rooftops in the neighborhood of São José, the street musicians, the constant presence of the sea breeze in Recife, swaying clothes, hair, and curtains. Hence, it may be more coherent, and much more inspiring, to embrace film critic Ruy Gardnier’s suggestion and contemplate, among the various Alberto Cavalcantis, the “Anthropologist Cavalcanti”. According to the film critic, “much more than a documentarist, his desire to enter a place and from there extract a rhythm to cinema, an impression, an atmosphere, makes Alberto Cavalcanti one of the rare anthropological travelers in the history of cinema”.8
Here, Cavalcanti makes the most of the location shots, unlike his prior experience in his first work for Vera Cruz, Caiçara, in which the geographical and human landscape of Ilha Bela, on the São Paulo coastline, mostly serves as a backdrop for the drama of the protagonists.9 Furthermore, by opting to work with local artists (who dubbed their own lines), the film propagated Northeastern faces and accents largely unknown to the general audience in the rest of the country. On the other hand, O canto do mar does bear marked similarities to the initial Vera Cruz productions, especially Caiçara: a stagnated atmosphere (the image of the whirlpool is common to both films) and a morbid mood permeates both stories, especially as reflected (though not exclusively) in the long scenes showing the children’s burial; the contained expression of the inexperienced actors in the main roles (Eliane Lage in the Vera Cruz film; Rui Saraiva in O canto do mar); the “overtly academic dramatization”, as defined by Glauber Rocha, which ultimately stifles both the narrative flow as well as the actors’ performances.
O canto do mar also bears its fair share of connections with European art cinema, which Cavalcanti had been involved with since the 1920s. There is an undeniable dialogue with Italian neorealism, especially La terra trema (1948), Luchino Visconti’s film set in a fishing village in Sicily, in which non-actors speak in a local dialect. As in Visconti's film, O canto do mar also transpires against the backdrop of a fishing community, even though the main characters are not directly involved in this activity. In both films, miserable living and work conditions, as well as the lack of prospects for any foreseeable change, ultimately cause the family group to dissolve. Cavalcanti also returns to visual motifs from La terra trema, such as the dark silhouette of women on the beach rocks, waiting for men who may have died at sea; and the personal chest that holds otherworldly possibilities – in Visconti's film, the protagonist uses it to store clothes and postcards from his military days; in O canto do mar, Raimundo stores travel pamphlets and the ship ticket he bought for his southbound travel.

Right: La Terra Trema
Both films make use of an offscreen narrator. While O canto do mar restricts its use to the documentary scenes with the rural migrants, in La terra trema narration serves as a constant resource, commenting as well as explicating the plot, thus assisting the Italian audience in understanding the regional dialect spoken in the film. However, the two films have vastly different approaches to the socioeconomic issue. In La terra trema, poverty and family dissolution result from economic exploitation, which reigns over the working conditions of fishermen, a mechanism that the film exposes and reiterates. In turn, while O canto do mar expresses a “social sensibility”, which Cavalcanti believed every film should have,9 the vision is somewhat diffuse. Misery exists and is shown on screen, but lacking exploration of structural elements that would allow us to see beyond mere observation.
This social sensibility takes on a more vigorous and poignant dimension when translated into visual composition. In these moments we find the plastic and poetic ingenuity Cavalcanti exhibited as a set designer and director in his silent work. The film’s opening image, after the initial credits, is an admirable fusion between the map of the Northeast, with the state of Pernambuco in the center, and an image of the cracked soil in the arid hinterlands of the sertão. The similar geometric figures formed by the lines and cracks plastically introduce the drought of the sertão, serving as a visual metaphor of imprisonment, which will reemerge in different visual formations (whirlpools, grids, cages) throughout the film.
Two particular visual compositions could be placed in dialogue with one of the most dazzling films from the silent era, Der müde Tod (1921), directed by Fritz Lang. When filming Ponina, Raimundo’s sister, climbing the stairs of a brothel, Cavalcanti frames an exquisitely beautiful shot, reminiscent of the moment when the protagonist in the German film enters the realm of death. In O canto do mar, the long staircases, commonly seen in the bungalows of Recife, signal Ponina’s passage between the two worlds as she opts for sex work to escape family poverty.

Right: Der Müde Tod
In the elaborate sequence depicting the death of Raimundo’s brother, Cavalcanti composes a detailed choreography of gestures and lights from oil lamps, which the neighbors carry to light the way to the family hut where the child is being prepared for burial. The sequence begins with tears flowing from Ponina’s face, as she breaks the news to Raimundo, overlapping and merging with the images of lamps carried by the neighbors walking in the dead of night. Inside the house, each person arriving gives a lamp to a family member, who places them on the furniture and shelves. The candle-lit environment surrounding the child’s body resembles the room full of candles in Der müde Tod, in which each candle symbolizes a human life. While extinguishing one of the flames, Death carries in its arms a child who recently passed away.


Cavalcanti reinvents Lang’s visual metaphor from elements belonging to the secular and religious world of the Brazilian Northeast, visually translating the vulnerability of those lives, both in the sertão and on the coast, in fiction and reality.

1. Our main source for biographical information about Cavalcanti is the appendix “Alberto Cavalcanti”, taken from Maria Rita Galvão's PhD dissertation, Companhia Cinematográfica Vera Cruz: a fábrica de sonhos. São Paulo: Faculty of Philosophy, Languages, and Human Sciences/University of São Paulo, 1976, p. 709-799.
2. See Araújo, Luciana. A crônica de cinema no Recife dos anos 50. Recife: Fundarpe, 1997.
3. Rocha, Glauber. Revisão crítica do cinema brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1963, p. 52.
4. Sertanejos are people who come from the sertão region, far from the coast.
5. Sandroni, Carlos. “O acervo da Missão de Pesquisas Folclóricas, 1938-2012”. Debates, n. 12, June 2021, p. 55-62.
6. Unfortunately, the commonly available copy is extremely dark, hindering the night sequences with the maracatu and bumba-meu-boi.
7. Gardnier, Ruy. “Um ou vários Cavalcantis?”. Contracampo, n. 71.
8. Maria Rita Galvão addresses this as well as other issues in her brilliant analysis of Caiçara. See Galvão, Maria Rita. Burguesia e cinema: o caso Vera Cruz. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira/Embrafilme, 1981, p.225-55.
9. Eliachar, Leon. “Cavalcanti – O diretor e o homem”. A Scena Muda, Rio de Janeiro, n. 39, 27 September 1949,



