Cinelimite: Iracema Filmes is a film production company that began in 2008, and today you both comprise 2/6 of the team. Daniel and Victor, can you provide an overview of your paths to careers in filmmaking? When did you first meet and begin collaborating with one another through Iracema Filmes?
Daniel Paes: I was born in the Lins de Vasconcelos, Méier neighborhood. I wasn’t a precocious cinephile, although I could have been. It was only in journalism school that I started watching films and thinking about cinema. But in those days, I was more interested in reading and writing. I started Iracema Filmes with my girlfriend at the time, Júlia Machado. We had made a short fiction film, Paó (2008), and a short documentary, Cidade dos Jovens (2006), which she directed. Cidade dos Jovens even won some awards. Today, Júlia is a filmmaker and film researcher.
So, we decided to start a production company, Iracema Filmes, named after the film by Jorge Bodanzky and Orlando Senna which had blown us away when we first watched it. Then Júlia left the company, and I was doing other things by myself for quite some time, mostly occupied with commercial freelance jobs and projects related to academic audiovisual research. In 2013, while working on Pé Sem Chão, I met Victor Magrath and Juliana Krause. From that meeting, the idea of building a production company came to fruition again. Our modus operandi was somewhat like this: Vitinho, as we call him, and I took the creative jobs (usually I was the cinematographer, and he was the editor) and Ju was the producer. Those were very good times, as we all lived in Vidigal. A beautiful cultural scene was taking place, and Sérgio Ricardo was a big influence on us in an artistic and geographic sense, as every time we went to his house, we would likely meet someone else who was visiting him. From these interactions sprung many new meetings and creative exchanges which resulted in many forms of collaboration. From then on, our larger friend group was immersed in many art forms, while we at Iracema Filmes focused on audiovisual content.
Victor Magrath: I started developing an interest in film in my teen years. I enjoyed filming my friends as they rode skateboards and surfed. I loved editing those videos, setting them to music and cutting the action to the beats. My parents told me I could be a professional editor and supported me by showing me films that had made a deep impression on them throughout their lives. My father would show me classics from all around the world and my mother would tell me about Glauber Rocha and Ruy Guerra. I decided to move to Biarritz for a while to try and take a film course, which, unfortunately, I was never able to take. Back then I shot and edited many experimental shorts. Years later, when I was living in Vidigal and working for a small production company in the Botafogo neighborhood, I had the opportunity to work on Sérgio Ricardo’s Pé Sem Chão. It was then that I first met Daniel, Juliana, and Sérgio Ricardo. We instantly became friends and noticed we had very similar thoughts about filmmaking. We gathered our equipment and rented a small room at the same production company I was working for in Botafogo and started writing screenplays and projects to apply for grants via the Culture Incentive Law. Those were incredible times.
CL: Based upon both of your work experiences, it’s obvious that the history of Brazilian Cinema has had a major influence on your work, particularly cinema from the 60s. The first clear example of this is Daniel’s role as the director of photography and camera on Rafael de Luna Freire’s Reencontro com o Cinema (2014), a film which told the history of Rio de Janeiro filmmaker Gerson Tavares and helped revitalize new interest in his work. Then, Victor was the editor of Domingos de Oliveira’s Aconteceu na Quarta-Feira (2018), a work which capped off the directors late-career filmmaking endeavors.
Can you elaborate on the Brazilian films or filmmakers which you view as your larger cinematic influences? And where does the drive to collaborate with great veteran filmmakers come from?
VM: I am a great champion of Brazilian cinema. I really enjoy rewatching films to help sharpen my creative process. I have a vital relationship to those films, and I think Daniel is similar to me in that aspect. When we were editing Cacumbu (2018) and Maré Mansa Traiçoeira (2020) we built, for two sequences, a sort of emotional memorial to the cinema that inspires us. Something I really like about the films of the 1960s is that the filmmakers were also cinephiles. The film writings of that generation are captivating. I learned a lot by reading Glauber Rocha’s Revisão Crítica do Cinema Brasileiro and Alex Viany’s O processo do Cinema Novo. These texts allowed me to understand and respect those masters of Brazilian cinema. Regarding contemporary Brazilian filmmakers, I like the films of the Alumbramento Group from Ceará and the films of new documentary filmmakers such as Milena Manfredini, Denize Galiao and Yasmin Thayná.
DP: Yes. Knowing the history of Brazilian cinema is key. It’s hard to pick just a few films. The list has no end. But some of the filmmakers I admire and identify with are Rogério Sganzerla, Glauber Rocha, Leon Hirszman, Cláudio Assis, Joaquim Pedro de Andrade, Andrea Tonacci, Sílvio Tendler, Eduardo Coutinho and Ana Carolina. When we make films, we’re thinking of the present and the past and pointing to the future. I think all of my films, which include Vento Burro (2016), Cacumbu and Maré Mansa Traiçoeira, all convey this notion of admiring and updating the deep roots of our cinematic history.
CL: As independent filmmakers in Brazil, you both have been able to make the utmost out of scarce financial resources. The introduction to Pé sem Chão (2014) even highlights that the “…film was…crafted by the entirety of its artists and technicians, who, by invitation of the director accepted the challenge of undertaking a production devoid of any financial resource”. What kind of lessons did you both learn in approaching filmmaking in this way, and how does this reflect the ideas behind the Cinema Novo movement which Sérgio Ricardo helped begin, ideas such all a filmmaker needs is “an idea in the head, and a camera in the hand”? Did you both return to these Cinema Novo films to gain inspiration for this kind of filmmaking process? And what kind of lessons would you say that new and emerging filmmakers can learn from watching Cinema Novo or Cinema Marginal films, and seeing the way that Brazilian filmmakers have made so much in the past out of only a camera and inspiration?

DP: It is impossible to make films without any budget. But it is possible to make films despite the budget. No film should be classified according to its budget. When we put together a work force, our minds are never focused on how much money we’ll be able to collect, or how much will be donated to us. We think only of the film itself. Of filmmaking. Making films in a country like ours shouldn’t be seen just as economic activity (which it obviously is), but mainly as human activity. We’re narrating our own time and movement. So, to me, filmmaking is an activity which doesn’t teach us through money. But the absence of money alters relationships. You only devote unpaid time to something you believe in. To make necessary films. That's what Sérgio Ricardo proposed to us when we made Pé Sem Chão. And I put together a crew who would agree with that. We were working for ourselves.
Yes, this does relate to the Cinema Novo movement. To New Cinemas all around the world. To decolonial cinemas. Sérgio represents that school of film thought. But we liked those films prior to meeting him. Is it Marginal or Marginalized Cinema? The 1970s were such a hard time for filmmaking in Brazil. Actually, what we’re discussing here are alternative lines of flight, as if to go on creating freely with no ties to prominent aesthetic or economic (or political!) patterns. As Bergman said, “Your hiding place isn’t watertight. Life trickles in from the outside”.1 In that sense, I think aesthetic is always linked to production conditions. And a brief look at the history of cinema proves few filmmakers are able to change their production conditions without sacrificing their own styles. In Brazil, 2021 will likely be the worst year in our entire history, both in macro and micro aspects. We have no perspective whatsoever of securing a true audiovisual industry. So, we must make the necessary cinema, a cinema placed in reality. I don’t like the expression “camera in hand, idea in head”,2 because, to me, it implies that all ideas are equally valid. In other socioeconomic contexts, it’s possible to make films with the leitmotiv of an individual’s idea, even a vain one. In our context, that idea has to be magnetic and important to all involved. Collectivity is the idea.
VM: I can see a parallel between the cinema of the 1960s and 1970s and contemporary cinema, and I think that’s how Sérgio incorporated guerrilla filmmaking into his creative process so well. The technological revolution of the 60s made cameras smaller and allowed for direct sound recording, which took films out of the studio lot and into the streets, closer to the people. Sérgio Ricardo himself used to tell an interesting story about what that moment represented in the history of Brazilian cinema. He said that during the production of Menino da Calça Branca, in 1960, in a favela, he had to replace the cinematographer. The cinematographer was used to dolly shots, tripods (in the old-fashioned way, let’s say) and thought shooting inside a favela was impossible. Since the early 2000s, with the advent of digital technology, we’ve gone through a similar process. You can make great films without ever setting foot outside your home, such as Nunca é noite no mapa (2016), but we can’t stop fighting for public policies to stimulate audiovisual work in a multifaceted country like Brazil. Unfortunately, very little has been done in that sense and the situation gets worse with the arrival of a far-right government which sees artists and minorities as enemies. I can only hope for better days ahead.
CL: You both served major roles on the production of Sérgio Ricardo’s final two films, Pé Sem Chão and Bandeira de Retalhos (2018). Before touching on the films specifically, can you highlight how you came to know the films of Sérgio Ricardo? Then, how did you finally meet the director, and build this working relationship with him?
DP: I had just moved to Vidigal. Once, during a boring residents’ meeting at my apartment building, I noticed this senior citizen leaving to the balcony to have a smoke. I’m a long-time smoker, so I joined him, and we started talking. Bingo! That was Sérgio Ricardo. The director of A Noite do Espantalho! I knew he lived there, but I had just moved and didn’t expect to meet him so soon. I mentioned the film and he gladly told me more about it, but his expression soon turned sour once he spoke of how hard it was to make more films. So, I told him I owned a small production company, and we could “play around”. We could come up with a short film just so he could go back to directing. Less than a week later we met again in the stairway and he went: “I’ve got the idea. When do we start shooting?” I was surprised, as at that point I’d gotten used to unfulfilled promises. So, I got a hold of myself and heard his idea. While we wrote new treatments and made small adjustments, I began to understand his work process and I formed a crew with some friends, and he brought other people in as well. Among them was Juliana Krause, whose strength as a producer was fundamental to bring together a very diverse crew to work on the film. After the shooting was over, we still didn’t have any editors. Victor had shot the making-of doc. So, he said: I’ll edit it. From then on it was a long immersion in Sérgio’s creative universe. The editing took a long time.
VM: My first contact with Sérgio Ricardo was on the set of Pé Sem Chão. I still had not seen any of his films, and I was very impressed by the way he directed the scenes. I was astonished by the complexity of his shots and the sense of rhythm we find in his work. The editing of Pé Sem Chão was done at Sérgio’s own house, with him right there by my side, giving me instructions. Daniel was always present, and during breaks Sérgio Ricardo would tell us behind-the-scenes stories about his films. Always funny stories that made me even more curious not only to watch his cinema, but also to get to know the work of those who were part of Cinema Novo. It was a great school for me.

CL: One of the remarkable aspects of Pé sem Chão is the extremely free hand-held digital cinematography, which evokes, in some ways, the earlier work of Dib Lutfi. Daniel, you shot the film and worked as an assistant director on it. Can you recall some of the early discussions you had with Sérgio Ricardo about the desired appearance of the film?
DP: We wanted a crude aesthetic. For the feel to be similar to Cinema Novo, the Sérgio Ricardo school. I mostly used an 50mm objective to affect the audience’s perspective. Like Neorealism, you know? The camera was always near the actors. Many times, I leaned on them to shoot close-ups. That strengthened the relationships between the crew.
The script was very open. Sérgio’s work process was clear and I was familiar with Dib’s approach to cinematography. I began with that knowledge in my head. I remember the first shot was a pan which started in a low angle shot, went down through a sun flare and slowly framed the two characters, with girls playing in the background. If you tried to plan to shoot this with a handheld camera a week prior, you’d go crazy. You’d think of a thousand different equipment pieces that could assist you. But, when that moment comes, if someone gives you directions, it works out right then and there. That shot is in the film. There was no mystery. Sérgio would come up with the actions, and while he was at it, I’d come up with the framing and camera movements. Then I’d propose it to him, and he’d either agree with me or change it. It was all very open, all very focused.
CL: Victor, it is clear from Domingos de Oliveira’s film Aconteceu na Quarta-Feira (2018) that you have over the course of your career established a strong working practice for editing films that were shot hand-held. Here, four years earlier, is an example of your working with such footage. Can you provide any insights into how you approach cutting a film that has such a freely moving camera, especially when all the interesting things captured cannot wind up in the final cut?
And likewise, can you discuss what kind input Sérgio gave you while you worked to edit the short?
VM: Many times, the editor has to convince the director to remove excess footage, which can be pretty hard. My mind as an editor is very documentary-oriented, which means I have a different approach when working with fiction. All of Sérgio Ricardo’s films share many elements commonly associated with documentaries. No shot is ever like the other - unlike the films of Domingos de Oliveira. Sérgio refused to shoot the same take over and over. He liked the freshness of chance, the surprise element. That’s a lot like the process of editing a documentary. Sérgio had a wonderful saying: “The first take is always the best one”. I think this mix of styles is very noticeable in Pé Sem Chão. The initial idea was to tell the story of an eviction, the eviction of Marília Coelho’s character. But during the editing process, we thought we needed a witness to this story. That’s when we came up with that opening scene where Sérgio Ricardo goes up in the favela and sees what had changed with his own eyes. The film was made one part at a time. That’s why, as Daniel mentioned, the editing took so long.
CL: Four years after Pé sem Chão, Sérgio Ricardo went on to make what would be his final feature-length film, Bandeira de Retalhos. Did the cast and crew of Pé sem Chão always know that another feature length film from Ricardo was going to be made? When did the production process of the new feature length film begin, and what were the important factors leading up to it being made?

VM: Bandeira de Retalhos was an old project of Sérgio’s. That story was important not only to him but also to the residents of Vidigal. The idea came from a real story, the judicial struggle of those dwellers who were facing eviction during the military dictatorship. Sérgio witnessed it firsthand and decided to write a screenplay set in that context. That screenplay was adapted into a theatre play by Nós do Morro,3 and it was a huge hit. Even with the success of this play, we couldn’t secure funding to shoot the film. Everyone wanted to cooperate to make the film, but it was a period movie with complex scenes of shacks being taken down, and it was impossible to make it without a budget, as we did with Pé Sem Chão. Initially, the budget for Bandeira was estimated at 2 million reais.
DP: With the help of Silvio Tendler’s production company, Caliban, we assessed the viability of the project. We sent the project to Ancine [to get funding] but it wasn’t approved. That was surreal, especially considering what happened to Sérgio in the early 1990s, when his budget for another film project was approved by Embrafilme, but then the company was dissolved by the damn president, Fernando Collor.4 That was a rotten moment in our history. But I digress. Our budget was 2 million reais, but the film ended up being made with roughly 200 thousand reais! Thanks to the “magical powers” of Cavi Borges, who managed to assemble a fantastic crew who were totally devoted to the project. Cavi’s history with Vidigal goes way back. But when we made Pé Sem Chão we never thought we’d be shooting an epic feature film at (and on) the Vidigal favela. That was quite a surprise.
CL: Cavideo, Nós do Morro, Cacumbu Produções, Caliban, Canal Brasil, Iracema Filmes, Lume Filmes, Tuhumusic Audiovisual, Paiva Produções, Cafeína Produções, and Link Digital. This incredible list of companies got behind making Bandeira de Retalhos. It is remarkable that such a large group formed around each other to help make Sérgio’s vision for this film a reality. It seems to me that the numerous people working within the cultural field had an attachment to Sérgio Ricardo, and therefore accepted the opportunity to help create what would be his final film. Can you discuss the kind of influence and impact that Sérgio Ricardo had on the artistic community of Rio de Janeiro?
DP: Sérgio always worked with people who saw art as he did. Art is political, in tune with the times. Because of this, he was loved by many but despised by others. The things many people have told me about Sérgio didn’t match up to how I saw in him in day-to-day life. The gathering of people around Sérgio was partly due to his age and the urgent notion that it had to be done then or never. We accepted it and did what was possible. I built a camera shoulder rig out of polyvinyl tubes bought at a building supply store in Vidigal hours before the shoot. We improvised all the time. So, it wasn’t a very romantic shoot. We did it because we had to. There was a sense of urgency which unfortunately went unnoticed by all cultural, business, or governmental spheres. We could have made a much better film with some minimal structure. I think Sérgio knew that, but in his gurulike serenity he accepted it and worked with what he had. But the people involved were all top quality. Technicians, actors, etc. were all focused on making art with love.
CL: Daniel, can you talk about both the limitations and the strengths of shooting with digital cameras on this project? What was the filming process like, and what kind of equipment did you have access to?

DP: We worked with a Blackmagic Pocket, a kit of prime objective lenses, and practically no quality lights or machinery. It was all raw handheld camera. Another cinematographer started the film, as I wasn’t available at first. He owned a studio, etc. so it was the right choice from a production perspective. But it didn’t work out, for similar reasons explained by Victor regarding Menino da Calça Branca. To quote the poet Aldir Blanc, it was an incompatibility of geniuses. So, Sérgio called me more than once and after the second time I couldn’t say no. But when I came to the set, the equipment was all gone.
It felt like being drafted to war, coming to the front lines and only being given a single gun. We made the best of it. There was little lighting, a wide aperture very close to the characters, and the camera pulsating with their actions. Unfortunately, 80% of the shots had to be cut because (yet again!) the memory cards we borrowed were defective. Many of the 24 frames per second simply vanished, and that jeopardized Victor’s editing process. My job was to go over the screenplay with Victor and my assistants at Edna’s bar in Vidigal until we were called in to shoot the next scene. We shot practically every nighttime scene, and the previous cinematographer had shot every daytime scene. If not for that, I believe the cinematography would have felt closer to the characters, an idea I’m very fond of. In that sense, I undoubtedly prefer the cinematography of Pé Sem Chão. But the key to making these films isn’t only about focusing on your specific contribution. It's also important to focus on collaborating as part of a collective process. For me, it was fantastic to see the descendants of those who represented popular resistance playing their own ancestors in the retelling of their story.
CL: I found that one of the most fascinating elements of Bandeira de Retalhos is its use of archival footage of the Vidigal crisis from 1977. This footage adds a sense of realism to the events taking place within the film. But Bandeira de Retalhos doesn’t only use archival footage from the Vidigal crisis of 77’. It pulls archival footage from many diverse media formats that details the various struggles of favela inhabitants over different time periods. Victor, can you discuss how you found and used all of this archival footage and incorporated it into the film? How much digging through archives did you have to do to find materials?

VM: In the first written treatment of the film, the shacks were supposed to be taken down and we would have to shoot those sequences. However, since our budget was very small and the wood from the shacks was going to be reused to build other shacks, we couldn’t break them. Then, Sérgio remembered a woman who had filmed everything from the Vidigal crisis of 1977 with a super-8 camera (she is even portrayed in the film), and we realized there was also a lot of news footage covering those events. That’s when we had the idea to mix archival footage from 1977 to 1980, when the Pope visited Vidigal. I think that solution was in tune with Sérgio’s aesthetic. So, we began looking for archival materials. First, we went to the National Archive and asked for everything they had on Rio’s favelas in the 1970s. The search was going to take a long time, and while we were conducting that search, Christian Caselli5 began to send us everything about favela evictions he could find, regardless of image quality, time or place. We made a draft version of the film, using footage that was only found online. Weeks later, a DVD with Globo broadcasts and the National Archive materials arrived, but there was still no trace of the super-8 footage. So, the version that ended up in the final cut was that draft version. Sérgio didn’t mind the poor image quality, and the obvious anachronism between them underlines the never-ending struggle of the oppressed against real estate speculation. I have to add that the Olympics happened two years prior to the film’s launch and many people were evicted in the name of a supposed “revitalizing”, but what was the legacy of this “revitalizing”, finally? Funny enough, the super-8 footage was later found and digitized by the Cinemateca do MAM. But by then our film had already premiered at the Tiradentes festival and Sérgio decided to leave it as it is.
CL: In 2018, the same year Bandeira de Retalhos was made, you both collaborated on three short films which weaved a fictional narrative into diverse topics such as Brazilian cinema history, the importance of Brazilian cultural heritage, and the power of music. These films were Cacumbu, Maré mansa traiçoeira, and Vento Burro. In particular, I want to speak about Cacumbu, which featured Sérgio Ricardo as an actor, playing a wise old man. When I spoke to Daniel about the films, he told me that Cacumbu “is a tribute to Sérgio Ricardo. It's about the importance of cultural heritage and how young people should get to know and strengthen themselves with the great cultural figures that came before them”.
Can you say more about this idea? You both have committed so much time to projects that highlight the history of Brazilian cinema or propel forward new works of those who were important figures in this history. What sparks your initiative to make films like Cacumbu, which is both an homage to Cinema Novo, 60s New Waves, and Sérgio Ricardo?



DP: Our trilogy about Deep Brazil consists of Vento Burro, Cacumbu and Maré Mansa Traiçoeira. The idea came from talks between me, Victor, Sérgio and other close friends about the route our society had taken since the election of President Dilma Rousseff and the subsequent coup attempt by those who refused to accept her victory. From then on, we could already feel the serpent’s egg which would hatch three years later with the parliamentary coup, and whose venom would be cast upon us with the election of Jair Bolsonaro. I took hold of my film tools to reflect on that, while rejecting a literal or didactic approach.
The films contain a huge mix of different elements. It has politicians from all over the world (an idea stolen from an old Bob Dylan song). A skyscraper in Asia burns as Odetta, a powerful black woman, sings. Both Sérgio Ricardo and the Racionais Mc’s are featured. There is a homage to a shot by Dub Lutfi in Menino da Calça Branca and another to Leon Hirszman’s Nelson Cavaquinho. There’s Sganzerla, Luiz Gonzaga, Soviet films and Edward Hopper, providing an overview of world cinema. There is music by Ivan Lins and Guerra-Peixe. These references are enough for a person to immerse themselves in for an entire year.
The purpose of the first film was to consider, in a poetic and documental manner (with echoes of Chris Marker), that initial moment. I refer to the social regeneration brought on by childhood as I close the film with a song by the great Clementina de Jesus.
In Cacumbu, I wanted to focus on poor Brazilian children and give them some perspective. The hero’s journey in the film will lead the boy to knowledge, to art, to an escape route from such a cruel reality. That’s when Sérgio appears in the film, playing himself. In a way, the line “the child is me” is real. I was that child who awoke when I first met Sérgio. I think that also applies to Victor. We owed him that. And we wanted to have Sérgio in Maré Mansa Traiçoeira too. He would have played the guide to the main character as he discovers cinema. The idea was to have the archetypes of each age well represented: childhood, maturity, old age. But Sérgio wasn’t doing very well by then, he had lots of lung issues, and it was cold during the shoots (our trilogy was shot in Winter, so it could look less like “tropical cinema”). So, we had to do it without Sérgio, but there’s a reference to him when the character turns the projector on and says: “the old man taught me this”.
This last film in the trilogy refers to the inescapable reality that people will see themselves in power, sooner or later. Even though crooks like Trump and Bolsonaro are elected, we will evaluate this, lick our sore spots and change. We learn from those mistakes, I’m sure. Our morning will come, there’s no doubt about that. So, I can’t stop seeing the world from the same perspective that guided Italian Neorealism, the Nouvelle Vague, the New Waves and Cinemas of Invention from all around the world. I don’t believe they’re outdated. They are ways of filmmaking. By mixing them with contemporary perceptions and techniques, we make current films. No matter how strong the coup is, we will rise. It’s just a matter of time.
CL: The last question is for Victor Magrath, who co-directed the video-film Na Rota do Vento (2019) along with Cavi Borges and Marina Lutfi. Na Rota do Vento is a rather brilliant work in that in 20 minutes it highlights the extraordinary depth to Sérgio Ricardo’s cinema - laying out the numerous themes and visual motifs that he dealt without throughout his career. Can you discuss your process of building this video-project with Marina and Cavi, how did the final product come together?

VM: The film Na Rota do Vento came from the Cinema na Música concert, conceived by Marina Lutfi in 2017. It was sort of a cine-concert which paid homage to the soundtracks composed by her father throughout his 60-year career. From Cinema Novo classics (Black God, White Devil) to the brilliant scores of his own films (Juliana do Amor Perdido, A Noite do Espantalho, etc). I was very fond of Sérgio’s work at the time, so I was invited to join the crew as the coordinator of its “cinema” aspects. Basically, I had to cut and edit fragments from the films and project them live. I watched Sérgio’s films countless times to draw parallels between the scenes selected for each song. Then I noticed all of Sérgio’s works relate to each other in some way. His narratives complement his songs as well as his paintings, his poetry, and of course film was the ultimate tool to bring them all together. The show drew the attention of Biscoito Fino records and Canal Brasil, and they decided to make a CD and a DVD of the concert. Cavi Borges directed the making of doc to serve as DVD extras. The behind the scenes were very agitated and the material Cavi shot was never finished. When Marina and I were incorporated to the crew of this extra, we thought about the best way to showcase Sérgio’s creative process when composing his film scores. We interviewed him and other people, but nothing and no one could explain where his artistic world was born and what it grew from. In a modest way, we thought that by showcasing his films and his music like a mosaic we would be able to express this. The film eventually entered some festival selections but was left out of the DVD extras. Sérgio enjoyed seeing the images of his films parading on the big screen while the music took over the movie theater.

1. Editor’s note: From Persona (1966).
2. EN: In Portuguese, “Uma câmera na mão e uma ideia na cabeça”. This sentence is considered the motto of the Cinema Novo movement, and commonly attributed to Glauber Rocha. In reality, it was said by Paulo Cézar Saraceni.
3. EN: A theater group founded in Vidigal in 1986 by actor Guti Fraga. Today, the group works as a formative space for children, teenagers and adults in theater as well as film, both in acting and technical jobs.
4. EN: Embrafilme was a state-owned film production and distribution company. It was dissolved in March, 1990 by the National Destatization Program, which led to a practical halt in film production in the country until about five years later; when new incentive laws by the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration resulted in a burst in production, dubbed the Retomada period.
5. EN: A filmmaker and editor. His films include the short O paradoxo da espera do ônibus (2007) and the documentary Rosemberg: Cinema, Colagem e Afetos (2017), co-directed with Cavi Borges.




