Writer/director Diego Zon is one of the standout filmmakers working in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo today. Zon has been pursuing film projects since 2010, directing the acclaimed short films O Maestro em Si (2010), A Nona Vítima (2012), and Os Lados da Rua (2012). These three projects varied somewhat in theme, style, and genre, as if the director was then still searching for the type of filmmaker he wanted to become. However, Zon’s 2016 short documentary Das águas que passam (Running Waters), a work of extraordinary beauty and poetic maturity, feels like a major landing point in his career.
Premiering in the 2016 shorts section of the Berlin Film Festival, Das águas que passam portrays the daily life of Zé de Sabino, a fisherman who works and lives in the breathtaking village of Regência, in Linhares. Under cloud-filled skies, a wide-angle lensed camera captures Zé on his small boat as he fishes for the Robalo, one of the most prized fish in the Espírito Santo region. Zé seems to be completely in tune with the vast and awe-inspiring nature around him, whether on land or sea. Das águas que passam is a sensorial work, director Diego Zon letting nature play its own role as a character in his film.
Soon after the making of Das águas que passam, the region of Brazil that the film depicts went through one of the country’s most significant ecological disasters in its history. A dam owned by one of the world's largest mining companies collapsed, letting dirty water and mud flow into the nearby river, Rio Doce. This fact cannot be ignored when talking about Zon’s film, as it has evolved into a vital historical document that portrays the beauty of an area on the unknowing brink of an ecological collapse.
In this interview, Matheus Pestana had the opportunity to speak to Diego Zon about his career, the making of Das águas que passam, his life growing up near Linhares (close to the village of Regência), the ecological disaster, life during the pandemic, and the future projects that he has been working on

Cinelimite: Das águas que passam (2016) feels like a landmark film in your career, a work where you leave behind the aesthetic feel and pacing of your previous three shorts and embrace a slower and more contemplative cinematographic style. It is worth noting that there are four years between the making of your third film Os Lados da Rua (2012) and Das águas que passam. Can you fill us in on what took place in the life of Diego Zon between these four years? How did you wind up making a film about a fisherman from Regência (an area close to where you were born) and where did the slow-paced aesthetic approach to the film come from, as it differs so strongly from your previous work?
Diego Zon: Making these early short films was truly a school for me. A means of discovering cinema by trying to make films. In the beginning of my career, I was always very interested in cameras and the process of video editing. The first short films I directed came about through invitations from other people. The executive producer José Carlos Oliveira, who was friends with Wilson Laerte (the pianist at the center of the film), invited me to make O Maestro em Si and Jovany Sales Rey, who was the screenwriter of The Ninth Victim, invited me to direct that film. Soon after came Os Lados da Rua, my first experience with writing fiction. The technical team behind these productions were all just starting out with filmmaking and the process of creation made an impact on each of our careers. Today, I see these films as having been produced in the freshness of my youth, when I was trying to learn more about the elements of cinema and to find in art a form of expression.
I did take a brief hiatus before making Das águas que passam, my latest short film. It was a period in which I ruminated on the ideas that affected me. I was interested in the idea of belonging and of characters that are seen but little-noticed. And I was left with the provocation, "how to film belonging?". At that time, the idea of building an atmosphere of space was also something that caught my attention in films and even in literature. I think that this is how the rhythmic form of Das águas que passam came about. I tried to capture an experience of space that is always linked to time. Both the time of the place and the time of the lives of those people living within it. It was then that I had the motivation to develop a film about someone's relationship with water, having the figure of a fisherman as a link to this unknown world. Initially, I imagined shooting a story that would take place on the high seas, on a journey far from land, however, this idea was abandoned when I came across the village of Regência, Zé de Sabino, and the mouth of the Doce River.

CL: You grew up in Linhares, very close to where Das águas que passam was filmed, but then moved to Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, a city located at the southern end of Espírito Santo. To what extent were you familiar with the spaces and areas depicted in Das águas que passam throughout your early and adult life? Was there the need to become reacquainted with that space after a long period away?
DZ: Your question is interesting because it leads me to think about the subconscious relationship I have with the village of Regência, a district of Linhares. Linhares was the city where I was born and raised until the beginning of my adolescence. My first encounter with the village of Regência was through a classmate, about three years older than me, who was called by the peculiar name "Jatobá". "Jatobá" is a type of tree considered sacred by indigenous people and used in moments of meditation. I remember that when the weekend was approaching, Jatobá would always say that he was going to Regência to surf. This was very unusual for us kids. Sometimes he would disappear from school for a while and when he returned we would ask him what had happened, "I am in Regência", he would say, with the verb in the present tense. So, little by little, the place grew in my imagination. This was despite the fact that I couldn't reach it physically since it was 50 km away from the center of town on a road that was difficult to access. As the years went by I got to know the Caboclo Bernardo feast that the Regência community organizes through a live television broadcast. The feast is in honor of the national hero who saved hundreds of lives in a shipwreck near the mouth of the Doce River at the end of the 19th century. The highlight of the celebration is the gathering of congo bands and folklore groups from Espírito Santo.
The Doce River, on the other hand, was always present in my early years. One of the entrances to Linhares is through a bridge that crosses the river. The image of this entrance, wide in immensity, always appears in my mind during moments of peace and silence. Unfortunately, this image was transformed along the years with the silting up of the Rio Doce, as sandbanks have formed where it was once full of water. This is the result of severe environmental degradation by human beings. And, perhaps by a condition of fate, I moved with my parents to Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, another city with the presence of a river, in this case, the Itapemirim. In fact, rivers are found in every city where I have lived for a significant amount of time (Linhares, Cachoeiro, Alegre in Espírito Santo, and Lisbon in Portugal).
CL: Where and how did you come to meet Zé de Sabino, the fisherman at the center of the film, and what was the process like of convincing him and the rest of the characters depicted in the film to participate in this movie?

DZ: During the research for the development of the script, Djanira Bravo (the executive producer) and I went to the beach towns on the southern coast of Espírito Santo in search of characters that had a close bond with water. We were in Presidente Kennedy, Marataízes, Itapemirim, Anchieta, Piúma, but we were not finding anything that truly inspired us from what we had envisioned. We discovered that fishing, and especially deep-sea fishing, had developed into the type of work done in large boats with groups of 10 or 15 people, and this was different from the more isolated daily lifestyle that we were hoping to depict in our film. At the time, I had read Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea, and the experience made me more enthusiastic about trying to meet someone who faces the humor and uncanniness of nature on a daily basis. We decided to continue the research in the northern region of Espírito Santo. We passed through other cities, but it was in Regência that we really found something special and I was, at last, getting to know the mouth of the Rio Doce. In Aracruz, the town previous to Regência, someone told us about the fisherman Zé de Sabino. The director of photography of the film, Patrick Tristão, who had lived in the village a few years before, had also mentioned his name to us.
So we spent a few days in Regência and got to know Zé de Sabino better. We met with him at different times of the day, we followed him when he went fishing, we were at the beachfront with him, we had lunch together, we went to the port of the community, and we socialized. We even got to know Dona Sônia, his wife, and Patrick, his youngest son, as they were part of his daily life and work routine. Little by little, Zé told us his story, which is very beautiful. He told us about the time he was between life and death with the sharks, about being shipwrecked on the high seas, and about his friendship with porpoises. He exuded pride while telling us about being able to pay for his children's schooling with money from fishing, especially the sea bass, the most valuable but hard to catch fish in the region. Djanira and I felt a very spiritual connection between him and the village, it was a true force of nature. I could notice that when on land, Zé was a little more anxious and was always grabbing something from the ground or looking for something through the branches of vegetation; but he had another state of mind when sailing his boat. It was a paradox between a state of serenity and relaxation. He, always wearing his hat, reminded me of the western characters, having the waters as their particular desert. But it was, above all, because I felt in him bravery permeated by the possibility of failures and disappointments (I remember a text by Jean-Claude Brisseau saying something similar about John Ford's characters). At that time, the river was drying up and the fish were no longer plentiful, yet life goes on.
We all decided to make this film. I was able to present to Zé what I thought about the form of the film, that I would bet on images and the intervals of silence and noise to tell his story, making it possible for those watching to imagine what he would not at first tell us in words. I confided that it would be a challenge to transpose to the screen all the sensations we experienced in those days. He accepted and trusted the team, but I think he only understood that this was not a crazy job until after he watched the film for the first time.
CL: Nature in the surrounding area of Regência almost takes on its own character in Das águas que passam, providing the beautiful scenic backdrop for many of the shots in the film. But the surrounding environment also determines the lives of the characters living close to the waters. Can you talk about your pre-production process for this film? How did you determine the best areas of Regência to capture, the perfect time of the day when the sky would be most colorful, and when those powerful weather storms would occur? And how much of the footage that you ended up filming made it into the final cut of the film?

DZ: When I film, I like the idea of letting myself be influenced by my surroundings and being open to the surprises and the very flow of life, improvising a fluidity of the moment. However, I also believe that we can foresee certain paths by knowing the routine, the culture of the region, and its landscape. After the research period, Djanira and I returned to Regência for pre-production. It was early summer, the environment was very sunny, full of birds, and Zé was also able to have better luck with the fish. I remember that even though I brought a camera, I hardly used it (the only time was to film him and his trail on the sand under the flight of seagulls, a sequence that appears at the beginning of the film); it was an oppertunity to prepare my eyes for when we were with the whole team in production. As I mentioned before, I appreciate working on the construction of space in cinema, and the ambiance of that region seemed ideal to me for converting it into the aesthetic and narrative matter, transforming it into a kind of character. Zé had told us that after the summer it would be more complicated to shoot, the wind would change, the scarcity of fish would be greater, both in the river and on the high seas. But we agreed to run in March, at the end of the season. It was because I was looking for the likely changes of climates and moods in the image and soundscape, as well as the wind variations, and I believed in the gradation of the light - which would be less direct at this time. I think it was the conjunction of energies that led me to shoot at that time, we were really lucky with the choice. As for the fish, Das águas que passam is a film in which the fish appear very little; I feel that for those people the fishing life is not just a matter of survival, it seems to be an existential choice, nourishment for the soul. So in the film we have the sensation of the presence of the fish all the time, even though we see them little.
I believe that of the sequences filmed, around 65% went to the final cut. Sometimes during the shoot we ended up not filming at all because we were trying to belong and inhabit the character’s relationships with nature. There were also sequences in which I felt the images displayed a certain beauty but which ended up not being included. One of them was a sequence of three or four scenes in which Zé communicated with the porpoises at the edge of the beach, and they appeared and dived, then he said goodbye asking the porpoises to be careful because there was a net around - they could get trapped. I really like the sequence, it has a specificity, but I don't know... It seemed to make the film too lyrical as a whole. Sometimes it's the film itself that dictates the cut no matter how charming a sequence may be.
CL: Can you talk about working with cinematographer Patrick Tristão to create the sweepingly beautiful images of the sky and waters of Regência? The wide-angle shots in the film of Zé de Sabino on his boat, when the sky is lush, cloud-filled, and colorful, feel as if they might come out of a William Turner painting. What sort of things did you discuss with your cinematographer to achieve the look and feel of this film? Were there specific paintings or stills from other films that you used as an influence to create these breathtaking images? Or was it simply a process of embracing the environment in which you were in?


DZ: I met Patrick in my late teens because he was a friend of my older brother, they went to college together. We met at certain stages of our lives, and when I started to have the desire to make films, Patrick already had some experience as a director of photography. Making Das águas que passam together, in collaboration with the rest of the team, was a very happy coincidence since he has an early relationship with nature (he has been surfing and canoeing for many years), which helped us understand the raw materials of that space to make his images possible. And he had lived in Regencia for a while, it was a region he was familiar with. We were building a way of working supported by the experiences of each one of us, having respect for the other and for nature, sometimes talking with our eyes while a scene was happening in front of us. Our references were then the conviviality and the appreciation of the environment itself. In preliminary conversations, we reflected on the proposal to fill out the composition in some scenes with the sky as a major highlight. I felt that with the understanding of natural light, a remarkable characteristic of Patrick, and the formation of clouds and colors characteristic of the place, I could bring a sensation of movement even in a plane of rigidity. It was an attempt to propose a kind of relationship with infinity in some moments of the film. Now, at the time of shooting, these images happen quickly, there is no time to work on them, the development was done before. We had to prepare ourselves for a few hours for situations that we imagined could happen in seconds, that's why having his sensitivity as a photographer was essential.
CL: While you certainly could not have anticipated it, Das águas que passam has become an important film in stimulating discussions around the ecological disaster that occurred on the Rio Doce, as a dam owned by a mineral mining company broke, unleashing dirty water and mud into the natural habitat that you depict in your film. It’s uncanny because while your film was clearly meant to showcase the beauty of the waters and environment around the Rio Doce, it now serves as an important historical document of what this area looked like before this disaster occurred. In that sense, your film takes on a larger historical and cultural meaning given the historical trajectory of which it is a part.
That being said, we can’t help but think about your film in comparison to Eduardo Countinho’s Cabra Marcado Para Morrer, as the footage shot by Coutinho only took on its full meaning when looking back at the historical event that it was a part of. Can you talk about filmmaking as an aesthetic and cultural exercise that the filmmaker can control, but how the ways in which the historical context of the images filmed remain out of the creator’s hands? And do you see your film in a similar way to Countinho’s, in that it can now stimulate a larger discussion about the vital moment in Brazilian history to which it is linked to?
DZ: I believe so, of course, keeping the proper proportions with Cabra Marcado Para Morrer, which is a cinema landmark, there is a parallel if we think of these films as historical documents of the events of their times. During the editing of Das águas que passam I began to have the feeling that the film seemed to be a portrait of a past, as if that story, or even the place, no longer fit in today's world. And the very nature of the film, in its contemplative form of that experience, seemed to me a manifestation of something connected to the sacred. Already this sense of a past, unfortunately, intensified with the bursting of the dam and the sudden spilling of polluting waste along the river. I think that the film, based on the routine and experiences of Zé de Sabino, became a small part of the representation of so many other stories and identities built around that nature, an even more important record to preserve in these times of erasure of memories. These are situations that we don't foresee, and then we realize how essential the production of art is; it is this art that provokes our feelings, critical thinking, that relates us to the world, and that also reveals time.
CL: Das águas que passam is a film of great visual beauty, but the film also does not hide the fact that it is essentially about working-class people who have to struggle and risk their lives on the seas in order to survive. The ecological crisis of 2015 highlighted the ways in which major corporations have a complete grip on the economy and lives of this area of Espírito Santo. Can you discuss the underlying working-class themes of your film, and the forms of inequality that affect the northern region of Espírito Santo and the inhabitants there?
DZ: I understand it as a characteristic of the whole of Espírito Santo. The presence of these large companies exposes the labor relations of the people of Espírito Santo and also the historical degradation of the environment. Here we find marble and granite extraction, steel, metallurgy, furniture, and cellulose industries, the latter of which is undergoing aggressive deforestation of the original forest for the large-scale monoculture of eucalyptus. The ecological disaster has only highlighted the extractivist profile of these companies, which do little to repair the profound changes they have caused in people's lives. The interest is in the productivity of both the people and the locality, and so there are forms of work that disappear over time. I remember something that Zé said to me when we were on the high seas, which symbolizes our discussion a little: "We have to sleep with one eye open, because big foreign ships come along at any time, and if we don't take our little boat out of the way, they will pass us over".
In the region where we filmed, artisanal fishing still happens a lot due to a sense of collectivity among the people of the village, and there is even a fishermen's association with products from the processing of the fish, helping in the sustainability of the community itself. That is where I can see humanity and it makes me interested in discovering, learning, and understanding how life is made. It was this same community that years ago resisted and prevented the construction of resorts in Regência; the market wanted to transform the village into a real estate paradise. They didn't let them. The community is not interested in this overwhelming progress, they want and also live from tourism, but they want it their way.
CL: Have you had the opportunity to revisit Regência since the making of your film, and since the ecological crisis occurred? How have the characters whose lives you depict in Das águas que passam been affected by the crisis? How does the area differ today from what you depict in your film?
DZ: I was in the village two more times. The first time, I went with Djanira Bravo and Lucas de Lima (who did the sound of Das águas que passam) a week after the mud with the mining tailings had reached the mouth of the Doce River. It was heartbreaking, the energy of the place had been transformed. There was a silence between the community and the surrounding nature, in an experience similar to the mourning process. We went to the village port and came across some fishermen working for the mining company, which by then was already present there. It was a strong image - the people from the community burying fish on the shore or placing buoys over the river waters as if it were possible to contain the advance of the orange sludge. We met with Zé de Sabino who was also shaken, although he carried a certain hope that the water would clear, thus returning to normality. I think that with time the community began to understand the gravity of what had happened; it is difficult to have an affective relationship that was built up for years become broken suddenly.
We had brought film equipment and decided to take a long walk to the end of the beach to get to the place where the waters crossed. Because of the silting up that had occurred months before our walk, the river outlet was practically closed, so at that point we found backhoe machines removing the sand for the mud to follow the flow until it met the sea. We were at the same location as the initial shot (that of the panoramic movement) of Das águas que passam. My idea was to film the same panorama, leaving the river and going to the sea, but registering this sad transformation: the orange water of the river, the sound of the machines, the absence of birds, and the brutality of the machines widening the passage of the estuary. However, while trying to film, I noticed a speck of dirt in the image. We checked and it was not on the lens, it was on the camera sensor, but as it was very windy it was impossible to remove the lens to try to clean it. The three of us remained watching this scene, so different from the one we had inhabited months before. We walked some kilometers back to the community and eventually decided to return to our homes in the south of Espírito Santo.
During the trip, I noticed that we didn't record any images or even sounds that mark the environmental disaster. I don't know, I believe in those energies that drive and hinder us, fate wanted us to only have the last image of the river's life.
In 2016, still touched by the experience, I ended up writing the script for Margeado (Submersal), my first fiction feature film, whose story begins a year after the contamination of a river, in situations similar to what we know in the Doce River. Some months before the pandemic broke out, I was again in Regência and in Povoação, the village on the other bank of the river, researching locations for the development of this feature film. Nowadays, the riverside community has been trying to work with different forms of fishing - which has been forbidden since then. Zé de Sabino, for example, works receiving researchers from universities and institutions, taking them on his boat for mapping and analyzing the biodiversity of the waters. It is complicated, I cannot measure the pain of these people who suddenly had to say goodbye to a way of life.
CL: Das águas que passam is a kind of perfect film to watch during the COVID-19 pandemic since it transports viewers from their couches to one of the most beautiful areas of the world. As a filmmaker who seeks to transport viewers in this way, how has the past year of introspection impacted you as an artist? Have you been able to pursue certain projects you have been working on, or did the pandemic bring them to a halt?
DZ: With Covid-19, I tried to respect the moment of isolation and make sure that the people I live with and I go through this period well. Perhaps this is the possible form of collective care; by taking care of ourselves we are taking care of each other. After the initial shock, and without having the ability to disassociate life from cinema, I continued to work on writing new projects and developing existing ones. Through De Repente o Rio, a production company I am part of, we are producing a web series and short films by directors, waiting for a calmer and safer period to start shooting these projects.
Of the films I will be making, I wrote a short fiction film and worked on the feature fiction film project, such as Margeado (Submersal), which was funded in 2019 by Espírito Santo and the Fundo Setorial do Audiovisual, and at the moment we are waiting for the release of the resources by Ancine. Margeado (Submersal) is a film about presence within absence. It is about how people face certain impermanences of what is most common. The lack of routine, the memory of a familiar lap, the modification of nature - which reflects on our state of the present, with a tension between tradition and the need to adapt, a way of thinking about time. I also delved deeper into A planta sob a terra selvagem (The plant under the wildland), a project selected and developed at the "Biennale College Cinema 2019", a program of the Venice Film Festival. A planta is a film that deals with the loving relationships between senior citizens, with whom we go through a process of meditation on life, spirituality, and mortality. This project is in the funding stage.
CL: Das águas que passam is being presented in Cinelimite’s program “The World Seen and Dreamt: A Collection of Films from Espírito Santo”, where we are showcasing a brief collection of films that present a general overview of the history of cinema in Espírito Santo. We’re showing films by Espírito Santo filmmakers such as Ludovico Persici, Ramon Alvarado, Paulo Torre, Luiz Tadeu Teixeira, and Orlando Bomfim Netto. Like in your film, we find numerous wide-angle shots throughout the work of Orlando Bomfim Netto that showcase the beauty of the Capixaba state. So, we’re wondering to what extent you’ve been influenced by the history of cinema in your state, and whether you have had the opportunity to interact with these films throughout your life. If not, can you talk about what Brazilian films or filmmakers most influenced you generally or Das águas que passam specifically?
DZ: Unfortunately I did not have the opportunity to get to know these films in the past, I think they are films that the capixaba people themselves had little access to. It was only after I made Das águas que passam that I watched some of Orlando Bomfim Netto’s films. "Acervo Capixaba", an important preservation project of Espírito Santo cinema, coordinated by Marcos Valério Guimarães, Vitor Graize, and the Pique-Bandeira Filmes team, took care of the restoration and digitization of Orlando's films. I was amazed to find myself in his work, with his inventive editing of the landscapes and the soul of our people. The unusual thing is that, even though I live in the interior, I first got to know him before his films. In the mid-2000s Orlando taught a documentary workshop in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim with two other instructors (Carlos Tourinho and Roberto Maciel). And I was one of the students. I remember those days fondly, we were around 15 students, with a marked age variation, and it was a beautiful interchange of generations. The workshop produced the documentary Batei, Lavadeiras with the old washerwomen of the Itapemirim River, having as narration the poem of the same name by the writer and poet Newton Braga.
When we think about the importance of the restoration project of Orlando's work, we realize the need for the preservation of audiovisual content from all over Brazil. This proves the importance of the Cinemateca Brasileira itself, an institution for the conservation, collection, and diffusion of Brazilian audiovisual heritage. The Cinemateca Brasileira has been closed since August 2020, without the necessary government resources, without any technical team, and without basic care for the collections. The Cinemateca is fundamental to the memory of the country.
I think our cinema is very rich and diverse. In recent times we have had access to very good films from every corner of the country. Thinking about influence, if there is something that has accompanied me from my youth up until now it is the work of Glauber Rocha. I was very impressed with the experience of his films and tried at all costs to find out more about him, at a time when we barely had the internet. In my school library, I used to get VHS tapes to watch and, although the collection was more of classic foreign films, there was Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol (1964). What struck me was seeing the characters as various social forces, and, of course, the landscape, which was happening in a camera full of tension. The way the music crossed from the popular to the erudite, the choreography of the bodies, the turns, the sertão turning into the sea, I felt I was in front of something essentially Brazilian. With a literature professor, a lover of Brazilian culture and art, I had access to books and magazines about Glauber and Cinema Novo. I also got to know his thinking about the world beyond the particular aesthetics of his films. I think that our influences come from all kinds of experiences, sometimes highlighted by our appreciation of certain arts, but also by certain relationships we have in the ordinary circumstances of life. Even though Das águas does not have a Glauberian montage or a Cinema Novo aesthetic, by studying his work I could discover the ways in which social contents can become tensions in the dramaturgy itself. Through his work I felt an enthusiasm to believe and move forward.




