The following interview took place with archivist Hernani Heffner on July 4th, 2020. Heffner has been working at Rio de Janeiro’s historic Cinemateca do MAM since 1996 and is one of Brazil’s most important film archivists. When we spoke on July 4th a lot was different in the world of Brazilian film preservation. At that point, Heffner held the position of chief conservator at the Cinemateca do MAM. Also, São Paulo’s Cinemateca Brasileira, Brazil’s most important film archive, was amidst a major economic crisis. The institution’s bills and its workers had not been paid for months, and as a result of this the workers went on strike. Since then, Heffner has been made the director of the Cinemateca do MAM -- certainly a cause for celebration -- but the crisis at the Cinemateca Brasileira continues, with its future remaining uncertain. On August 12 the Cinemateca Brasileira’s forty-one employees were dismissed from their positions without having received their due payments, and the institution remains without any specialized archival staff.
At the moment of writing this introduction, the collection of films at the Cinemateca Brasileira remains at imminent risk, as the Brazilian government continues to fail in providing the serious and necessary federal support that this institution deserves. Despite having taken place over one month ago, this conversation with Hernani Heffner loses no relevance, as we dealt with the particularities of Brazilian Cinema and Brazilian film preservation from a transnational context. Heffner touches on issues such as access to Brazilian cinema in the digital age, our current precarious state of global unrest, and he provides an overview of the Cinemateca do MAM for those unfamiliar with the important institution. Heffner’s revolutionary approach to film preservation shines clear throughout our dialogue, and we at Limite are very excited to observe and support the undeniable impact he will have on the field of film preservation as the new Director of the Cinemateca do MAM.

William Plotnick: Can you comment on the recent news surrounding the Cinemateca Brasileira?
Hernani Heffner: The crisis of the Cinemateca Brasileira has worsened this week. The institution is in a dangerous situation because there are no firefighters or guards, the employees are all on strike, and the government has said nothing. It’s a bad situation that is only worsening.
WP: Do you think there might be some light at the end of the tunnel? Is it possible that some of these issues can soon be resolved and things can return to normal?
HH: I don’t think so because Brazil has a president who is a terrible person. Bolsonaro doesn’t give a damn about our culture, our art, or about preservation. There remain no public policies for the preservation sector. There have been five different secretaries of culture in the last fifteen months, and the work in this sector has completely come to a halt. Brazil is now dealing with a resurgence in right-wing ideologies and thought, and even the president’s son has been implicated in scandals of corruption. All of this has paralyzed the country, and it has halted any previous intentions to develop some kind of policy concerning culture, arts, and preservation.
WP: Due to recent social injustices such as the murder of George Floyd, people throughout the world have begun re-evaluating their national histories. Social-justice protests are sparking up, and monuments erected to commemorate visions of the past built on the fruits of slavery and colonialism, are either being absconded with or torn down. In Brazil, São Paulo’s O Monumento às Bandeiras serves as such a reminder, immortalizing Brazil’s settler colonialists and their genocidal trek into the country’s interior.
To what extent do these recent historical evaluations and conversations exemplify the very crisis that the Cinemateca Brasileira is going through right now, as the institution is the safeguard of that history? And how do you perceive the fact that during the moment when the Brazilian people will need to be able to have access to their collective histories the most, the existence of those histories are being threatened?
HH: Brazil is a country that has a long colonial past. For three hundred years we moved forward on this colonial path, and many things from that time period remain today, especially the racism towards black people. The Brazilian elite portray our country like an aristocracy, providing a misleading conception to those outsiders looking in as to what the day to day life for most Brazilians is like.
In a country with social and economic conditions so distant from one class to another, there is no real democracy. There is no democracy if the people do not perceive a sense of community among each other. A sense of respect. A sense of doing the work to construct a society that includes all persons. If you are a divided society, there is no real democracy and no real social justice. This kind of society, of course, works against the interests of the people.
If I can trace a parallel between the current moment in the United States and the current moment in Brazil - in the United States, you can disagree with the broadcasting of a film like Gone with the Wind (1939) and force the movie to be removed from broadcasting. In the United States, there is no discussion about destroying this film, destroying its materials, destroying the negatives or the prints or the digital copies. People don’t suggest the idea of destroying works that glorify racism, colonialism, imperialism, or authoritarianism because they know that it is important to be able to see these works in order to criticize them.
But in Brazil, it’s another story. In Brazil, cinema is not important for the elite, and it isn’t thought to represent them. Although most of the time cinema is a very popular expression of art, Brazilian cinema doesn’t have a huge market in Brazil. This is because the people that make these films are coming from the lower classes, and therefore the elite actively choose to ignore these works. The Cinemateca Brasileira, the most important film archive in Brazil, which contains an enormous collection of films, is an institution that does not represent a valuable collection for the government or for the elite. According to them, if you lose the collection of the Cinemateca Brasileira, what important material have you lost? The musical comedies, called chanchadas in Brazil? The films from the Cinema Novo movement, the Cinema Marginal movement, or the state-produced films from Embrafilme? What value do these things have? They consider them all to be like soap operas!
Brazilian cinema is very important. It has received numerous prizes throughout the world, been screened in the main selections at Cannes, Venice, Berlin, and some titles have been nominated for the Oscars. But the reality in Brazilian society is that this collection, this national cinema, is not perceived as important. These works that criticize social problems and that criticize the racism of Brazilian society are often pushed aside and treated as works of little value. When Nelson Pereira dos Santos began his career in 1955 with a film called Rio, 40 Graus, he introduced the favela and the slum to Brazilian cinema. He discussed the situation of Black people and especially poor black people, pointing a finger at the elites of the country. ‘What do you do for these people?’, ‘Why are these people put aside from the main social policies in the country?’, he asked. The government is not preoccupying themselves with the kind of developmental policies that you learn about when watching films, and they therefore do not think about preserving these kinds of artistic expressions, these kinds of films, or these kinds of materials. So, if you lost, for example, the huge collection that the Cinemateca Brasileira is holding, you would be losing almost nothing for these kinds of people. This isn’t something the elite has just made apparent now during the current crisis, but this has been the case for a long time.
WP: In your opinion, what can we be doing throughout the world to stand with Brazilian cinema, the Brazilian film industry, and with the workers of the Cinemateca Brasileira during this difficult moment in time?
HH: Well, the answer is simple: people in Brazil, in the United States, and throughout the world must create value for our national cinema. We can create value for its past, for numerous rare films, and for the preservation of their materials. We can create value by spreading news about Brazilian cinema, by spreading the works through streaming, Blu-rays, and with old DVDs or even VHS tapes. We can find new ways to spread the films to academics, to artists, and to the film community in the United States to influence cinephilic perception at large so that they realize that it is important to access these films and that it is important to know about Brazilian Cinema.
It is also imperative that the cinema-watching audience at large knows that Brazilian Cinema has created and continues to create very original ways of expression in film. In order to create a better world, people must have access to Brazilian cinema, African cinema, Malaysian Cinema, to know that there are other film cultures, there are other languages, and there are other forms of expressions in cinema that are as equally important as what they typically see. If you believe that there is a center, and that the greatest films revolve around this center, then you keep an old value system alive which says that films that are not European or American are poorer works of cinema. We must do away with this by holding screenings, creating cine-clubs (and operating microcinemas — Ed.), writing theses and papers, holding debates, including the works at festivals, airing them on television channels, and including them in streaming platforms. If you create cultural exchange between two or more countries, two or more national expressions, then one begins to learn why the other acts a certain way or does the things that they do.
If you invest in Brazilian cinema in this way, you begin to understand more about the commonly held misconception that Brazilian cinema is bad cinema. You learn that Brazilian cinema is not considered poor because there are no production facilities, nor because there is no money, but because it exudes a form of conscious expression against a foreign cinema that is dominant in the Brazilian market. This conscious expression was created at a moment in Brazilian cinema history, and it was an incredibly profound moment. Brazilian cinema has a very distinctive form of expression which includes its cultures, its landscapes, and its worldview. Yet the fact of the matter is that today, Brazilian cinema history is almost unknown all over the world.
WP: Despite all this, one is tempted today to say that we are in a groundbreaking moment as far as having international access to Brazilian films. You can see a much larger presence of Brazilian films on the internet right now than there has been in the past, and many of these works are being translated into different languages too.
However, at the same time there is the sense that this access does not matter if these works are not being properly preserved. So, the digital moment is an illusion in a way – we finally have access and with subtitles, but we know the film print itself is decomposing right now within the Cinemateca Brasileira.
HH: Well, I think that this digital moment is a double illusion. On one side, the difficulties to access Brazilian films have existed for a long time, but nevertheless we must find some way to see them. So, someone takes an old VHS, or they take a poor copy, and you put these films on the internet so people can see them. Of course, this is the worst way to see the film, but when it is all that we have, it is better than nothing. The downside of this, though, is that usually, Brazilian cinema looks bad. Although Brazilian cinema is not bad in terms of its cinematography, sound, texture, and contrast, these copies give off the impression that this is so. This state of preservation causes the feeling among people that Brazilian cinema is not important. We don’t get to see our national works in all their splendor, nor in a state-of-the-art way. We don’t have state-of-the-art 4K restorations of our works. This is very tragic.
On the other side, even if we had pristine 4K digital copies of our films, we know that to present a film digitally is not to preserve it. So, we must preserve the film in its original format. You must create a positive print and an internegative, and you must preserve all the negatives in a professional way. This preservation work is not optional, but mandatory. If it is not done, the material will be lost in a span of twenty years! Then, what do we have? Just a digital copy, and this is not the same thing. Not to mention, these digital copies must be preserved in equal measure. Digital preservation is a completely separate task from that of film, with other demands, which requires different technical specifications. So, you must face the task of preserving both the digital and the physical at the same time. Preserving the materials in this way requires a huge task of planning, of creating an infrastructure of conservation, of digitization, and providing access (mostly through the internet). For us to be able to do this successfully becomes mostly a question of politics. It is a question of whether we will be provided with the necessary funds to carry this task out. It is a tragedy that our cinematic heritage remains put aside on the global scene because of these politics. The impact that this lack of political action on the part of the governmental elite has had can be seen and felt still today.
We are living in a moment in which we need cinema to help us understand what Brazil is today. If we can or if we desire to take down the statues which retain the values of our colonial times, we must be able to know what they represent. Film is a good way to know, to understand, and to perceive that some statues have been around for 100 years. These statues were raised at the beginning of the 20th century, a time in which Brazil was another place and had a different society. What has changed since then?
Films from those periods help give a voice to the anonymous people that have not had their voices heard, and in the event that these people cannot be found in the films, we begin to understand why that is. I think we need to have this debate and film is a good way to hold a debate about our heritage because it has lived with us for over a century.
WP: Do you think that cultural exchange between two or more countries could incite the Brazilian government to realize the value of their own national works? Do you think a major initiative abroad, manifested in large retrospectives or more prestigious awards being given to Brazilian films, that these could be the catalyst to make the government in Brazil finally realize that they need to fund the Cinemateca Brasileira and that they need to finally support the film industry and its cultural workers in a respectful and supportive way?
HH: Of course, these kinds of recognitions create a lot of perceived value for our films, and help people realize that they are important. But in Brazilian Society, this kind of importance is very particular. The elite do not value these kinds of recognitions, and they often view the works as very destructive to their right-wing agendas.
It is important for us to sustain a fight for the permanence of Brazilian cinema, of the Cinemateca Brasileira, and of the past, but the real fight is against a larger force that reduces the country to a few people. To one social class. That reduces the country to a view that asks for a future and not for a past. This force accepts and advocates for the destruction of this past with no sorrow or pity. And we as a society must fight to transform and to change that for the better of all of us so that we can become a real democracy.
The benefit Brazilian cinema receives from being recognized around the world is very valuable because these recognitions help us sustain some kind of barrier to harmful government decisions. We can sustain the fight with that. But I believe the real fight is with another, larger force.
WP: You have been associated with the Cinemateca do MAM since 1983 and a formal employee since 1986. Can you tell me about the history of this archive, and provide an idea about what makes it unique, for those less familiar with its operations?
HH: We at the Cinemateca do MAM are only a little archive. In the 60s the director was Cosme Alves Netto, who was very influential in the film preservation movement. He led a movement in which colonial countries or countries that were considered ‘third world’ could learn about film preservation. Cosme asked all the American and European archives for help in constructing film archives in these under-developed countries, because during that time, and in fact still today, these archives have no money, no structure, and no workers. These institutions are facing an enormous task to preserve their entire national cinemas. Today, I think very little has changed from that situation. The same American and European archives are incredibly well funded, while film archives from poorer underdeveloped countries are in the same position.
The Cinemateca do MAM suffered a huge crisis in the beginning of the 21st century, in 2002 and 2003. We were almost closed by a decision of our main institution, the Modern Art Museum. However, we survived. Because of this, we tried to become more connected with important international film preservation communities such as FIAF and AMIA. We also received some important guests here at the archive such as Ray Edmunson, who is a very important thinker about the philosophy of film preservation. We tried to further understand what was happening in the field in the 21st century and what our place was within the larger picture. This was an important moment for us in realizing what we can do at the Cinemateca do MAM to serve the film preservation community of Brazil.
One important thing that we do at the Cinemateca do MAM is provide educations in film preservation. We also send some students and interns to take courses at Filmoteca Española to really learn the skills of film preservation and work in that field. Especially during a time when we are going through the transition from film to predominately digital formats, it is very important to have a new work force in our country ready to meet the technical challenges that come along with this transition. Our program working with the Filmoteca Española ended up being very successful because 20-25 young people discovered a passion for film preservation and decided to have careers in that area. And also, there are even now five or six of my own former students who are working at the Cinemateca Brasileira.
Another thing at that we attempt to facilitate at the Cinemateca do MAM is the presence of foreign students in Brazil. We are a privately run archive so we are open to receiving students from Greece, France, Argentina, the United States, and other countries. It is important for us to receive these students because they will encounter an archive with less money than the national archives they have at home, and with worse conditions to preserve films. This provides them with a more realistic view as to what film archiving is like around the world for those supposedly on the periphery. It is important to us that these people have a perception of these problems, and that they can begin thinking about the best ways to solve them.
Additionally, an important intervention that the Cinemateca do MAM has made in the preservation area is focusing on preserving marginal films, especially experimental works, because in Brazil only a small space is given for this mode of filmmaking. First, we created an experimental cine-club and after that we decided to receive a festival concerning experimental cinema, DOBRA - Festival Int'l de Cinema Experimental. This was very successful because we became the main space in Brazil for presenting that kind of cinema.
We are a little archive with only seven people. So, we try to bring forth smaller initiatives and create a big impact. We try to facilitate the synchronization of information, the synchronization of people, and the synchronization of films. We are what I consider a 'hub’. We are not the terminal, we are not the first step, we are a hub in film preservation in Brazil and we can aggregate some materials, some films, some information, and make connections with a larger array of people. For a little archive, I think that this is a very important position to hold.
WP: Can you talk about the ways in the Cinemateca do MAM and the Cinemateca Brasileira have provided access to their collections digitally? The Cinemateca Brasileira, for example, provides access to some of their collections through BCC (Banco de Conteúdos Culturais).
HH: Providing basic access to Brazilian cinema is an old problem in the world of film archives in Brazil. People are not familiar with Brazilian cinema. Why is that? Why are Brazilian people not more familiar with the history of their own national production? It isn’t because we don’t have the proper skills, instruments, spaces, or strategies to provide access to this national cinema. In Brazil, one of the structural problems in the cultural sector is represented by the fact that various states have created many institutions to preserve Brazilian history, but don’t put effort into making sure the public has access to this history. The Cinemateca Braisleira is an example of this. The history of Brazilian cinema is there. But getting access to these works is very difficult. The old Brazilian cinema is there, most of the 20th century Brazilian cinema is there, but the access to this past is very difficult. Using the BCC is very difficult because there is always a huge watermark placed over the film. With this logo there in the center of the frame, you cannot see the film in the proper way.
We need to try to provide access to Brazilian cinema in the best way possible, because people need to know that these treasures exist. If they can’t have this basic access, the films will become ignored and lose their value to the public. We must prevent this and make a complete 180 degree turn in policy when it comes to access.
WP: To what extent do the copyright laws make it hard to effect these changes?
HH: In my opinion, the copyright laws are not a problem. You can talk to the producers, you can talk to the people who own these films. Most of the time, anyway, it is the archives performing the technical elements such as creating new prints of the films and digitizing them. This comes from funds provided from the archives and the states, and not the producers.
Those people who refuse to provide access to the works that they own, are using a strategy of power. They are attempting to control who can see what, and for which price. Because of that, many works of Brazilian cinema are invisible in the world. The dangers of this is that in fifty years, people may no longer be interested our cinema at all. Today, we live in an information society, and in this digital world, people move forward from the past very quickly due to free exchange and the forward direction of freely circulating content.
Going hand in hand with this is the fact that we need to be making good digital copies of films and making them available on the internet. Copyright owners can find ways to get 2K or 4K versions of their works, and even make a profit from them. Once the spectator is connected with this good digital copy, and they begin to personally relate to the film, they will begin to ask for more of this type of content. This puts that viewer in the running to become deeply interested in discovering the many pearls of cinema to be found throughout Brazilian film history.
WP: Put yourself in the shoes of an international programmer interested in doing a program of Brazilian films: An enigma arises, because whether you show older works of Brazilian cinema or newer works, the material is going to be unfamiliar to the majority of those audiences. You have numerous amazing contemporary Brazilian filmmakers on one hand, whose works need to be seen and discussed, but on the other hand, you have the entire history of Brazilian cinema which many international audiences have not yet had the chance to discover. A case in point is that that there has never been a North American retrospective of Humberto Mauro.
HH: There is a contradiction in that situation, no?
In the past, the Brazilian government used to put money towards international programs of Brazilian film. In the 80s there was a huge retrospective of Brazilian cinema at the Centre Georges Pompidou in France, and in 1998 MOMA hosted another. All of these programs were sustained by the Brazilian government which commissioned new 35mm prints and paid for the transportation of said prints as well as the rest of the logistics.
When the 21st century came around, there was no longer the need to spend money sending prints around the world thanks to digital copies. The digital seemed to be the magical response towards the problem of increasing the circulation of Brazilian cinema.
But there is a huge problem with this situation as it stands. To circulate Brazilian cinema on a global scale, especially through the internet, you must be able to digitize the Brazilian films made during the 20th century. You must digitize the films in 2K, 4K, and perhaps in five or ten years, even 10K. However, in Brazil, there is no strategy, no money, and no interest to digitize these older films. Suddenly, once these works are finally digitized, we realize that there is no space being made for them. A gap has been created in their circulation and in their recognition. The new generation of filmgoers is not in contact with these works. This explains why Humberto Mauro has never received a retrospective in the United States up until today.
We desperately need a program that allows us to digitize Brazilian cinema systematically. If we do not come up with one, older works of Brazilian cinema will disappear from national and international programs and will never show up on streaming platforms for a new generation to discover. This is going to be a huge test for us because the status of the mission is critical. It is critical to spread older works of Brazilian around the world so that people can understand: what is Bacurau (Filho & Dornelles, 2019)? What is a Brazilian film about the Brazilian Northeast? What is a film like Karim Aïnouz’s Invisible Life (2019)? What kind of melodrama is that? Do these works stem from a Brazilian filmmaking tradition, or are they completely unique in Brazil’s film history? Why did a director like José Mojica Marins create this famous character of Zé do Caixão, and what does he symbolize for Brazil and for international cinema?
If you do not circulate these older films, then you can’t understand the full picture. Without the full picture, you may still think Bacurau is a great movie and that it is very attractive! But you don’t really understand the content that Kleber Mendonça Filho and Juliano Dornelles have put in it. When the international public finally has a chance to see these older works as they were meant to be seen, it will surely be a great surprise for them because people don’t know that this cinema exists, that we have a very unique cinematographic style, and that our point of view so strongly differs from the rest of the world’s.
There needs to be a balance between both the contemporary works and the past works. They need to be able to inform one another for a larger picture of Brazilian cinema to be understood.




