“Not even the dead will be safe if the enemy wins”
In the small procession that would be (will be?) his last Carnival, “Marcelo,” or Armando, the protagonist of The Secret Agent (Kleber Mendonça Filho, 2025), simply passes through. Emerging from a movie theater he had entered many hours earlier—where we, the spectators, had also been confined within a long sequence of nearly half an hour—the whirlwind of emotions that had overtaken him materializes in the street as confusion and music.
In his contemplative, hesitant walk, we project fear, courage, frustration—many things, but not just anything. We have been brought here, into the interior of this hunted man’s head and heart, because someone, inside a movie theater, has told us a story.
After more than an hour and a half of slow construction, of simmering the elements of the narrative over a low flame, the recorded interview sequence that culminates in this metaphorical Carnival can finally give us what we want: a story. Meaning amid chaos.
Like the woman who leaves a screening of The Omen (Richard Donner, 1976) possessed by a spirit (“it’s this film...” says Alexandre), we remain there, possessed by the spirit of memory. Alongside a man who never existed, but who existed in many other men and many other stories, we walk through a dark, carnivalesque, mischievous Recife toward the film’s second half — and we know what to expect.
Better swallow a powerful psychotropic, my dear spectator: this Carnival is going to be deadly.
In his essay On the Concept of History (1940), Walter Benjamin writes: “Only that historian will have the gift of fanning the spark of hope in the past who has grasped this: not even the dead will be safe if the enemy is victorious.”1 If History is a battle of narratives, a battle of stories, Kleber Mendonça Filho chooses to wage that battle inside a movie theater.
Inside a movie theater, twice over, in the sequence mentioned above, we watch unfold a story of a Brazil that hates Brazil; a story of a teacher involuntarily transformed into a secret agent of the resistance; a story of lost love and generational trauma.2 But above all, it is a story of the archive: of its presence and, at the same time, its nonexistence; of its gaps, stammers, and hesitations.
A general impression I had reading online comments regard the story of Flávia and Daniela, at a contemporary university listening to old magnetic tapes, as parallel to the film’s central narrative, or even disconnected from it. They are mistaken. There lies the heart, the key to understanding this film: affective memory translated into archive, which in turn is translated into cinema.
Kleber was not the first to duel with the archive of the Brazilian dictatorship on a cinema screen, and he knows that very well. Part of a long tradition of Brazilian films that take up this subject, The Secret Agent draws clear and openly acknowledged3 inspiration from the masterpiece of Brazil’s greatest documentary filmmaker, Twenty Years Later (Cabra Marcado Para Morrer, Eduardo Coutinho, 1984).The product of a miracle of film preservation, and at the same time a perfect example of the fact that objects are worth less than the stories carried within people, Cabra encapsulates the Brazilian contradiction in dealing with its own memory.
By exposing the act of filmmaking within the very fabric of the film, Coutinho stitches together two temporalities, reconstructing what survived in fragments, in reels hidden away from the destructive fury of those who respect no dead at all. In Elizabeth Teixeira, he gives material form to the story he had until then been unable to tell.
Coutinho grasps, and Kleber does as well, something fundamental about working with archives, something that even we archival workers4 sometimes fail to perceive all that easily. It is not so strange that we fail to see it. After all, we may spend the day with our heads buried in film stock, gauges, adhesive tape, grain, spreadsheets, machines; cans, cans, cans.
In the search for the objectivity of technical standards and for respect toward the material itself, what may escape us is that each of the objects we care for so diligently is, in fact, a prosthesis, a proxy, an incorporeal fragment of a person’s life and memory — or, more often, of many people, of a community.
The archive “will never be either memory or anamnesis as spontaneous, alive and internal experience”5 and “takes place in the site of the original and structural failure of memory,” says Jacques Derrida in his Freudian reading of the “archive fever” that haunts us in contemporaneity.
Or, from a perspective less rooted in psychoanalysis and more in historiography, we might also say that such incorporeal fragments (“hairy legs”?) would constitute sites of memory: a concept coined by the French historian Pierre Nora that can be applied not only to literal geographic places of memory, such as museums or archival institutions, but also to vestigial objects, monuments, documents, and records.
The movement that began with writing ends with high fidelity and magnetic tape. The less memory is lived from within, the more it requires external supports and tangible references to an existence that lives only through them. Hence the obsession with the archive that marks the contemporary world and that affects, at one and the same time, the total preservation of the entire present and the total preservation of the entire past.6
Magnetic tape, a fetish object that appears in close-up several times throughout the film, is here both the symbol and the material form of what cannot truly be accessed: memory. If cinema is the space in which stories contend, the tape is their makeshift record. With all its pauses and defects, it is almost impossible for anyone to decode it—for anyone to use it to transform the archive back into memory, to make sense of chaos once again, to reinvest the cold object with affect.7
Decipher me or I devour you: the tapes devoured Flávia and her desire to piece Armando back together, just as the index cards at the Identification Institute devoured Armando and his desire to piece his mother back together.
Another frequent accusation in the online discussions mentioned above is that The Secret Agent is anticlimactic. Within the division I have proposed, the entire second half of the film, after the recorded interview and the Carnival procession, likewise simmers the elements of Armando’s death over low heat without ever, in fact, killing him. Or rather, without showing us the scene of his death.
Personally, I find it delightful: a transgression in the form of negation, a tormenting of the viewer’s expectations, a small anti-Hollywood act of rebellion in a film that celebrates Hollywood in so many other respects. But beyond personal taste and the director’s sly winks, I believe there is an important message here.
What is cruelest and most grotesque in authoritarian regimes takes place outside our field of vision. It is quickly transformed into a newspaper page and reaches ordinary people at the greatest possible remove, through the greatest possible mediation. A cold corpse, like the prosthetic objects of an archive. Colder still when seen across the distance of time, on a computer screen.
Unlike the film’s first half, which gives us precisely what we want and need to follow the story within the movie theater itself, the second half has no desire to close cycles or tie up narrative knots. The first half ends there, at the procession, as in classical American cinema. The second half is the chaos, the violence, and the creativity that have always accompanied us in Brazil and that we know so well.
More than that, it is killing to silence, a procedure to which we Brazilians have long been more than accustomed. The expression even appears as the newspaper headline Flávia reads about Armando’s death, which is also the moment when the spectator learns that the character has died.
Killing to silence: killing someone so that they cannot reveal a secret or implicate another person. There is no clearer way of recognizing that people are walking archives: political archives, carrying within their own bodies the experiences and memories that will later be studied as History in school textbooks.
To murder them is to cripple story and History alike, opening space for less than truthful narratives about their lives, for the benefit of someone, for the benefit of a regime. The corporate-military dictatorship that ruled Brazil for two decades benefited directly from thousands of acts of killing to silence, both literal and metaphorical, carried out by small and large powers that arise and sustain themselves through the deaths of people who carried secrets.
Perhaps the most beautiful insight of working in an archive is that we think we are dealing with the past when, in fact, we are dealing with the future. Flávia’s impulse to copy the recordings and hand them to Fernando, Armando’s son, on a flash drive,8 while they discuss the memory he does not have of his own father, is an impulse pregnant with futurity.
Flávia wants to perpetuate Armando’s makeshift and fractured story, to try once again to transform it into something as close as possible to the rough diamond of memory. The most direct way of doing so, without ever truly doing so, is to protect the record, copy it, and place it in the hands of his descendants.
The enemy Benjamin referred to in 1940 was fascism, and — surprise! — there it is again, on the loose: we see it everywhere, and yet it is so diffuse that it seems to be nowhere at all. But, before anything else, we cannot allow it to meddle with our dead at will.
By preserving our films and historical records, by giving meaning to our memories, and by inventing new stories from them, perhaps we may finally embody Benjamin’s historian and fan some spark of hope.

1. Walter Benjamin, O Anjo da História [The Angel of History], ed. and trans. João Barrento (Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 2013).
2. I borrow the expression from Armando’s own interpreter, Wagner Moura, who included it in his speech upon receiving the Golden Globe for Best Actor in 2026.
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_j6RLXJFe0U
4. I work as a film restoration technician at the Arquivo Nacional das Imagens em Movimento of the Cinemateca Portuguesa, in Lisbon, and also as executive director of Cinelimite. I invoke the notion of a “place of speech” here not to list my professional experience, but to position myself as the point of view and point of departure for this text, which is a deeply personal one.
5. Jacques Derrida, Mal de arquivo: uma impressão Freudiana (Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará, 2001), 22.
6. Pierre Nora, “Entre memória e história: A problemática dos lugares,” Projeto História 10 (São Paulo, December 1993), trans. Yara Aun Khoury.
7. A common topic of conversation at conferences of film archivists and audiovisual preservation professionals is the notion of “activating the archive.” Because we are always buried up to our necks in the archival objects already mentioned, the expression serves as a reminder that the films we preserve must also be seen, or else they will remain forever mere objects. With apologies for stretching the concept, they would become “sites without memory,” devoid of the humanity that might resignify them.
8. The digitization and remastering of magnetic audio tapes is a routine procedure in a film archive, and it is striking to see it assume such a central role in a fiction film.




