The red and black of the Paraíba flag symbolize blood and mourning respectively. The word “nego” printed in white between the two colors refers to the supposed refusal of the oligarch politician João Pessoa to accept the scheme in which the elites of the Brazilian Southeast took turns in the presidency of the country, which is supposedly why he was assassinated.
Formerly Parahyba, the name of the state capital was replaced together with the flag at the time of the 1930 coup, when Getúlio Vargas came to power. João Pessoa was the vice-presidential candidate on Vargas' ticket, and his political clan organized a media event with the aim of making him a martyr, the victim of a politically motivated assassination, in order to legitimize the seizure of power by his lifelong ally, Getúlio Vargas. This version of the story is widely contested, as several sources point out that his death was more related to personal disputes than to any political ideal.
Almost a hundred years after the event, the city still bears its name and the flag honoring its greatness, which was built and also rejected by the majority of the people of Paraíba - noticeable, given the numerous plebiscite proposals that have already taken place in favor of changing the city's name, the last petition having taken place in November 2023. The Paraiban intellectual Ariano Suassuna, for example, refused to call the city João Pessoa.
It turns out that in the state of Paraíba there are real grassroots names that have been the target of violence and political persecution, but haven't made it onto the flag or even named a town. One of them is Margarida Maria Alves (1933-1983), one of the first women to chair a trade union in the country, the Rural Workers' Union of Alagoa Grande (PB). During her lifetime, Margarida inspired multitudes and her legacy still echoes today in the struggle for rural workers' rights in Brazil. The exhibition Margarida Sempre Viva! - Três Filmes Sobre a Luta Camponesa (Three Films on the Peasant Struggle), organized by Cinelimite, ABPA and Casa Margarida Maria Alves, features a set of films shot on Super-8 in the 1980s that record her political activism and her legacy to the peasant struggle in Brazil. The new 2K digital copies of the films were made possible thanks to the Traveling Digitization project, which took place between October 2022 and February 2023 in six Brazilian cities (Brasília, Recife, João Pessoa, Teresina, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo).
The digitalization of the films, directed by José Barbosa (1° de Maio and Closure of the First Trade Union Week in Brejo Paraibano) and Cláudio Barroso (Margarida, Sempre Viva) premiered on the 41st anniversary of Margarida's murder, and the exhibition allows the public to get in touch with the story of this great trade union leader who fought bravely against the oppression of the peasantry and also for the cause of women within this context. Showing these films in 2024 fosters numerous dialogues with the history of Brazilian cinema and its tradition of documentaries that portray the various labor struggles underway in the country.
One of the greatest works of Brazilian cinema, Cabra Marcado Para Morrer (1984), by director Eduardo Coutinho, also focuses on the history of the struggle for land in Paraíba. The documentary was initially intended to be a fictionalized reconstruction of the murder of João Pedro Teixeira, leader of the peasant league of Sapé (PB), which took place in 1962 on the orders of landowners. The film, however, was interrupted in 1964 by military repression following the coup d'état. The material was confiscated and destroyed by censors. The political activist for the peasant cause and widow of João Pedro Teixeira, Elizabeth Teixeira, was involved in the recordings as the protagonist of the story and was forced to disappear to escape from prison.
Almost two decades after the interruption, Coutinho resumes the project and seeks out Elizabeth Teixeira and other participants in the censored film. Cabra Marcado Para Morrer becomes a movie about the movie that never happened. Given the prominence that Coutinho's work has gained in the history of Brazilian documentary, it's hard not to consider the thematic parallels between Margarida, Sempre Viva! and Cabra Marcado. The two were released just a year apart and pay homage to the struggle of two rural women from the state of Paraíba. The filmmakers even shared ideas about the production, as director Cláudio Barroso said in an interview with Cinelimite.
During Margarida's tenure at the Alagoa Grande Rural Workers' Union, she filed more than 600 lawsuits against mill owners and landowners1 and was a leading voice in denouncing disrespect for labor laws and precarious working conditions in the sugarcane mills, which upset many powerful people in the region. Her memory is honored by the March of the Daisies, a demonstration of rural women workers that brings together activists from all over Brazil. The march takes place every four years in the country's capital, in favor of social rights, against hunger and against violence against rural and woodland women.
The fight for rural women's rights goes beyond rural trade unionists, and also encompasses traditional populations, such as riverine communities, coconut breakers, rubber tappers, among others, where the whole category of labour is closely linked to the land, regardless of whether it is used for planting and gathering or for plant extraction. Throughout Brazil, there are many tributes to Margarida, who also dedicated herself to popular education for rural people.
The social impetus behind the films included in the exhibition is related to the trajectory of both filmmakers in the activist movement. José Barbosa had his first job at SEDUP, the Popular Education Service, in the city of Guarabira, Paraíba, and Cláudio Barroso was involved in education for rural workers. José Barbosa's work at SEDUP involved producing materials for people who couldn't read,2 and therefore we can consider cinema as a “pedagogical method of social organization”, as said by the filmmaker in an interview with Cinelimite. The documentaries, according to the director, were shown on farms and in associations in various municipalities in the Brejo Paraibano region. Similarly, the filmmaker Cláudio Barroso also produced a film about the peasant struggle and the violence surrounding the militants.
Faced with a strong link between the police and public authorities in favor of impunity for crimes against activists in Brazil, journalistic and educational work plays an important role in strengthening the grassroots cause.
It is important to highlight the pioneering political-educational, union and grassroots aspect of Margarida's achievements during her lifetime, through her fight for the rights of rural women and the dissemination of Paulo Freire's ideas through the Center for Education and Culture of Rural Workers (CENTRU-PB). This impetus was also shared by Elizabeth Teixeira, who fought for the education of rural workers in a similar context, combining popular education and negotiation for better working conditions.
In 1972, during her testimony to the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into the Countryside, Elizabeth Teixeira declared:
“Doctor, even women, and today mothers and fathers, need to know how to organize. Organize families into groups, into nuclei. You also need to know how to talk to the landowners. To say yes, if you win, to the whole nucleus. To say no if there's no gain. To look the armed thugs in the eye, then turn around and not look back, even if shots come.”
In her master's dissertation on Margarida Maria Alves, researcher Ana Paula Romão de Souza Ferreira wrote: “the need for agrarian reform meant going beyond mobilization, because other skills were needed, especially the ability to be a woman leader”.3 The researcher carries out an exercise in recollection with two interviewees who were Margarida's comrades-in-arms, and includes her own assessment to evaluate the legacy and inspiration that the trade unionist left to women involved in the struggle for agrarian reform. Her dissertation reflects the memory of the trade union leader as an inspiration for political militancy, capable of gathering crowds in her lifetime and influencing countless new generations.
I - 1° de Maio
The preparations for the May Day demonstrations depict manual labor involving silk-screening, part of the making of banners and T-shirts for the rural workers' protests. The manual labor recorded in the scenes parallels the staging that takes place during the union's speech, in which workers simulate working the land on top of a truck for the crowd, denouncing the violence with which the bosses treat their subordinates, a dynamic of servile exploitation that dates back to colonial Brazil. Struggle and work are brought closer together with manual labor. The workers then sing: “the life of a worker is the life of a sufferer”.

The footage takes place three months before Margarida's assassination. Her speech shows the confident and motivational way in which she addressed the workers, and a phrase uttered by the trade unionist was eternalized after her death, in many demonstrations and tributes: “it is better to die in the struggle than to die of hunger”. It wouldn't be fair to say that this was an isolated case in Margarida's life, because political activists in the countryside have always had to live with violent and cruel persecution of those who fight for labor rights. In both rural and urban contexts, political assassinations are part of the history of our country, which is currently at the top of the ranking of assassinations of political leaders in the world. Thanks to the union of public authorities with businessmen and landowners, heinous crimes like Margarida's murder go unpunished.
Most of the images recorded in the documentary about the events surrounding May 1st are during the daytime, and the strong light projected onto the group of peasants gathered to listen to the union leader's speeches is striking. The viewer is confronted with powerful images of the public staring at the camera without resignation, other people looking away, some children playing. The gesture of directly illuminating the crowd reinforces the documentary's theme of emphasizing the need to listen to the demands of these workers exploited by mill owners and landowners.

II - Primeira Semana Sindical no Brejo Paraibano
Once again, in the film Primeira Semana Sindical no Brejo Paraibano, we see an emphasis on making posters. The printing press technique is related to the popular art of woodcutting, which is very present in Paraiba culture. The images of these banners and the sayings on the T-shirts give voice to the crowds forming around the event. The images show vehicles full of peasants coming to witness the first union week.

The documentary's emphasis is on the collective. The narration of Margarida's voice and that of other union members is paired with images of the peasants gathered, adding to their expression in the protest demonstrations on the T-shirts and banners held up. Margarida's speech is filmed from below with the sky behind her, from the audience's point of view. Many people look at her with their arms crossed, while others applaud. Families show up with their children, revealing aspects about the daily life of that community, which, despite their silence during the trade unionist's speech, contribute to the discourse through the signs and sayings on their T-shirts.
III - Margarida, Sempre Viva!
Margarida, Sempre Viva! is a film dedicated to rural women. The opening montage shows a profusion of black umbrellas on the occasion of the protest demanding justice for her death, juxtaposed with photographs of her funeral and a union speech given a few months before her death. The earth, the subject of the protests, appears in the image of a grave being covered, evoking "Morte e Vida Severina", a dramatic poem by João Cabral de Melo Neto, published in 1955.
“It's a good size, neither wide nor deep, it's the part that belongs to you on this estate.”
The film is not pessimistic and focuses on strengthening the rural trade union movement, but it is hard not to realize that the history of the struggle for agrarian reform has been repeated for centuries in Brazil. The film's editing points out the contradictions between the testimony of the members of the community where Margarida lived and the testimony of members of the judiciary when they refer to the crime. The mastermind of the crime, Aguinaldo Velloso Borges, a member of the so-called Várzea Group, an association of landowners and mill owners from the Paraiba political oligarchy, appears in the film, the same group associated with the assassination of João Pedro Teixeira. As a way of involving the subjects of the documentary in the creation of the film, they stage a recreation of the day Margarida was assassinated. In an animation, Margarida's emblematic photo, widely reproduced, is covered in red.

In the film's title cards, we see numerical data representing the pressure exerted by the union on the group of landowners, highlighting the conflict of interest between the two groups.

The interviews in the documentary are mostly female. The peasant women appear on camera with their children, suggesting the double day of domestic work faced by the group. Present in all three films, it is possible to see families with their children during union activities. The women interviewed talk about the wage gap between men and women, who earn less than their colleagues who no longer receive a fair wage. In the lines of the protest calling for justice, a trade unionist is heard:
“What the government is doing is covering the land with sugar cane to make alcohol to fill the tanks of cars and the people are starving and unemployed”

The final sequence intercuts a parallel montage between Margarida's speech to the workers at the first union week and an interview she gave posthumously, in which the union leader says she won't stop until she dies. Various women are shown in the countryside, and the insignia of her name is repeated until it takes up the entire screen.
The colors in the scenes that present the event of the protest against Margarida's murder have two colors, one is the crowd of black umbrellas and the other, the white shirts worn by those present, calling for peace in the countryside, a chromatic pair that symbolizes mourning and peace, the first that cannot be prosecuted and the second that cannot be achieved without justice. Recovering these films and remembering what happened to Margarida is essential if the impunity for the crime is not to be forgotten either.
Four decades after the release of the films, it is still extremely relevant to think about the memory of social movements through cinema. The workers of the state of Paraíba deserve the right to their history, to remember that it wasn't the ruling class that sacrificed itself for change in the face of hunger, unemployment and abandonment of the population. Paraíba's true popular leaders are not stamped on our flag or given city titles, but they will never die in the memory of the people, who will always clamor for fairer representation and their fundamental rights.

1. According to surveys made available by the Margarida Alves Foundation in support of the campaign “Margarida na memória”. Available at: https://www.fundacaomargaridaalves.org.br/campanha-margarida-na-memoria/
2. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6-Fvirvx9Y
3. FERREIRA, Ana Paula Romão de Souza. Margarida, Margaridas: memória de Margarida Maria Alves (1933-1983) e as práticas educativas das camponesas na Paraíba. 2017. Editora UFPB. p. 100.




